Journey to net zero
A groundbreaking report
by the
Royal Agricultural Society of England
The farm businesses of the future must optimise food production, farm profitability, the environment and people. The RASE Farm of the Future initiative, which is delivered in partnership with Innovation for Agriculture, identifies and shares agricultural solutions, technologies and practices which can help farm businesses, people and wider communities to thrive.
The Journey to Net Zero report has set out a vision for how farm businesses in the UK could maintain their primary purpose of food production while responding to the climate and biodiversity crises.
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Life, the universe and everything.
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Life, the universe and everything.
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Life, the universe and everything.
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Life, the universe and everything.
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Journey to net zero
Key messages
Each section of this report puts forward a vision of how farming across the UK might adapt to the challenges posed by climate change.
Time for change
Meaningful change needs to be underpinned by science-based targets, new technology, innovation and working alongside nature-based solutions.
The need for decarbonisation in farming
Successful transition requires a step change in knowledge and research turning ‘science into practice’, and targeted government support
Reducing transport emissions in food production
British agriculture represents 8% of all transport GHG emissions, derived from on and off-road farm transport and other fossil fuel driven machinery.
Partnerships in carbon transition
After Brexit, the links and partnerships between farmers, processors, retailers and consumers have taken on a greater importance.
Farm and Land Management
Farms can be part of the solution by harnessing the power of photosynthesis to grow and build carbon in soils and recycling opportunities.
Carbon and soils – A perspective
Much can be learned from studying soil. It is a bewilderingly complex ecosystem of millions of species and organisms.
Grassland and ruminants
Grasslands cover over 52 million kilometres, or 40.5%, of the total terrestrial area globally and are an important ecosystem and carbon sink.
Measuring farm carbon
While there are various tools, there are three main options available to all UK farmers and growers who are keen to start carbon footprinting.
Fertiliser and agrochemicals
Contributions of herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and growth regulators are estimated to comprise about 3% of GHG emissions in arable cropping.
Carbon sequestration and microbial soil activity
Recycling carbon rich by-products of rural, urban and industrial activities back to soil presents an opportunity to mitigate climate change.
CAP to ELMs: A new farm policy
One significant impact of Brexit was the opportunity for the four devolved nations to decide for themselves how to support farmers.
Biodiversity: A balance between farming & nature
Promoting a better balance between farming and Nature can only come when the evaluation of natural benefits can be quantified on an agreed basis.
Agricultural subsidy payments
Defra’s target is for at least 70% of farmers, covering at least 70% of farmland, to take up Sustainable Farming Incentive agreements.
Farm decarbonisation and diversification
A low carbon economy requires reducing food production reliance on fossil fuels as much as possible, as well as reducing other GHG emissions.
Anaerobic digestion for heat, electricity & fuels
A process that converts organic matter into biogas and digestate, which is core to the UK’s electricity and gas grids.
Low carbon heat technologies
Farms require heat for a range of purposes – grain and vegetable drying; produce chilling; controlled livestock environments.
Solar power and onshore wind
Many farms have invested in solar photovoltaics on roofs as well as ground-mounted systems and are providing a return on investment.
Energy storage technologies
Battery storage on farms may become even more important as the UK’s energy system decentralises and ‘Time of Use Tariffs’ become common.
Hydrogen
There is no ‘natural’ source of hydrogen, so it is produced in the UK most commonly by steam methane or auto thermal reforming.
Digital technologies
Innovation is enabling farms to adjust electricity requirements and advantage of on-farm generated and stored power or cheaper off-peak tariffs.
Financing farm decarbonisation
Farms can reduce emissions and costs in one fell swoop. Distributed renewable energy is a new asset class with attractive opportunities.
The energy landscape
It is important for the farm business to understand where and how much energy is being used and where reductions can be made.
Rural energy housing challenges
Nearly 4 million, mainly rural homes aren’t connected to the gas grid. Getting these onto low carbon heating is better than switching connected homes.
Decarbonising agricultural vehicles & fuels
If the rural economy is to play its part in the reduction of emissions, it needs to develop a pathway to replace diesel, with low and zero carbon fuels.
The net zero transition
It is essential to consider vehicle or infrastructure asset replacement cycles, given that many farm vehicles have working lives of 15 to 20 years.
Electric vehicle and gas fuel instrastructure costs
For a transition to succeed, accessible and reliable power supplies 24/7 will be a pre-requisite, either from the grid or from on-farm renewables.
Autonomous systems on farms
This section covers potential transformation of farming operations based on system such as controlled traffic farming, autonomous vehicles and robotics.
Automated field systems
Such techniques can increase yields by as much as 20%. However, most autonomous systems currently remain driver supervised.
Introduction to farm decarbonisation
We identify the impact upon agri-food supply chains and suggest how changes to traditional farming can enhance carbon-saving.
Milk and dairy production
The wider environmental impacts of a complex supply chain should be addressed, as the majority of emissions are linked to milk production
Cereal production
The arable supply chain should reflect the need to reduce emissions, driven by expectations of environmental and social governance.
Horticulture production
There needs to be focus on produce that balances consumer need with reduced carbon emissions, less waste and increased efficiency.
Intensive meat production
Emissions KPIs can be adopted across pig, poultry and beef farming, to balance economic viability with social and environmental responsibility.
Potatoes
What marks potatoes out is the higher yield per hectare than other crops, which is a better picture of productivity and wider impacts.
Farm enterprises and novel crops
There are increasing opportunities for novel crops and more innovative supply systems to be set up on farms or at other locations.
Introduction
“A sustainable future for UK agriculture may only be achieved by balancing economic viability, environmental responsibility and social acceptability through the adoption of new and existing management practices.
Sustainability is not a peak that can be conquered without further improvements, as the tools, technologies and systems that were sustainable in the past or present may not be so in future. For example, science relating to livestock health, welfare and environmental impacts has resulted in considerable changes to the ways that livestock are housed, fed, bred and managed over thepast three decades.
A clear and immediate need exists, however, for the UK agriculture to demonstrate dedication to reducing negative environmentalimpacts, and to do so in an evidence-based manner that allows progress to be benchmarked and communicated. It is crucial to set appropriate targets, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions being the most urgent area of focus.”
Prof. Judith Capper, Harper Adams University
Primary policy issues
Support: ELM must include provisions to help England’s farmers curb energy emissions. In the ELM Transition, there is real concern over the potential impact of change from EU CAP support. The House of Commons Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee has issued a critical report (Oct 2021) that highlights concern over the impact of ELMS on farming livelihoods. The biggest UK agricultural policy change for 70 years, this will have a major impact on farm businesses as they navigate the transition from CAP while dealing with the climate emergency. The report finds ‘failure of communication’ is putting the most significant policy shake-up English farmers will have experienced at risk, at a time when they are also reducing emissions.
Whether it is emissions or policy reform Neil Parish MP (chairman of the Select Committee) commented, “This [ELMS] is the most fundamental change to agricultural funding in a generation and the impact of this huge change … cannot be underestimated … and must be … able to adapt to unforeseen circumstances. Government appears to be determined to plough ahead … without considering how this will impact on farmers’ livelihoods and the environment.”
Methane: Farmers recognise that methane and ammonia emissions are key concerns – the issues of gas potency and livestock emissions (from meat and milk production). There is a need for new measures to curb methane and ammonia output from fertilisers and ruminants and to cut overall GHG emissions. Future measures such as carbon taxation must not solely impact UK farmers. Policy should encourage better resource management and identify technical solutions, such as changing ruminant diets and methane capture to address consumer demand and the UK’s ‘Global Methane Pledge’ commitment. Action should include more support for research into measures to reduce emissions. This can include feed preparation solutions such as straw chopping to ease digestion to curb methane output in ruminants.
Subsidised Farm Diesel: prior to 2030, replacing fossil fuels on farms must be a priority. The ‘red diesel subsidy’ (currently 81% discount)152 is valued by farmers and critical to their margins – but prices have nearly doubled in 2 years. Replacing diesel is key to meeting the sector’s Net Zero targets. It may undermine UK farmers’ reputation if the red diesel subsidy is not phased out before 2030. Hence, farm vehicles must be included in the grant support for developing zero carbon fuels for non-road vehicles. Adoption-ready low carbon options (biomethane and HVO) will precede likely developments with hydrogen ICE power trains (e.g. JCB). There is a policy disconnect if farmers are paid to sequester carbon on one hand, but effectively subsidised for fossil fuel use on the other. Hence, a timetable is needed for ending the red diesel subsidy, using adoption-ready solutions.
Policy challenges
Farmers & rural businesses should be fully consulted on wider policy change as well. They must also be fully engaged in developing solutions that optimise their ability deliver results on farms and addressing the specific challenges (highlighted in the COP26 Briefing Document):
Soil & Landscape: improved soil management is needed to reverse the damage of recent decades, with changed cultivation methods and nature-friendly systems. Delivery of public benefits includes increased carbon storage in soil or trees and curbing emissions from excessive fertiliser use/soil disturbance. Farmers, individually and in groups can enhance local water course protection. Economic valuation of natural capital will help deliver decarbonisation, restore soil health and increase biodiversity.
Livestock Husbandry: Livestock farmers can reduce on-farm emissions and use locally produced low carbon fuels (e.g. biomethane). Support is needed for practical innovations that curb emissions from dairy production, including methane-reducing additives in feed and improved soil management, learning from practices being adopted on arable farms. Policy on farm emissions must account for the impact of grazing livestock in sequestering carbon to soils.
Land Management: Caring for land and nature, whilst growing food profitably is a complex task. Future policy and regulation should be co-designed with farmers to be as user-friendly as possible. Farmers responsible for 75% of the UK’s landmass must be fully motivated and rewarded for efforts to transition to nature friendly systems. The UK’s countryside is a living entity, and it cannot be managed from desks in Whitehall. Change and innovation risks being stifled by excessive red tape unless farmers can input into policy, including on the delivery of public goods.
Natural Resources: Rural transition means urgent improvement to UK soil and water quality, while boosting biodiversity. The priority for more rapid progress to rural decarbonisation is the need to correct damage to soil quality over many decades. Farmers need supportive policy to help them deliver improved soil management and biodiversity.
Farm Technology: The low carbon transition will require systems change and a technology shift, including novel fuels and vehicle designs, to curb emissions and end soil damage. Investment in robotics and digital technologies is needed to help drive change in farming methods.
Transition Advice: With many novel operations and technology options, farmers and land managers need access to sound, independent, cost-effective advice and information, plus on farm (i.e. working) demonstration sites. In addition to research funding, changes must include farm level funding for professional advisors, farm clusters, and nature friendly farming groups to offer guidance on future support mechanisms and ‘systems change’.
Food vs Carbon: Farmers will need help with mechanisms to increase production of food while being supported in efforts to reduce emissions. They can increase carbon capture in soils and trees. This must not involve the sacrifice of the best land from food production.
Rural Communities: There is a need to mobilise rural communities, particularly in remote and marginal areas, to allow them to play their part in the decarbonisation process. This must include access to extra funding for development of rural infrastructure to meet specific rural needs, especially in more isolated farming areas in Scotland and Wales.
onsumer Education: Changing consumer expectations are reflected in purchasing choices (e.g. less and/or high-quality meat) and their views on waste and recycling. Better environmental labelling on food (including carbon impact), supported by standardised carbon accounting and farm benchmarking, is essential.
Trade Agreements: Efforts to create new post Brexit trade agreements must not be done at the expense of farmers or rural communities. The Covid-19 pandemic has shown the importance of supply chains and risks of reliance on imported products, including food. Agreements must not threaten the supply of quality and sustainably produced foods from UK farms.
Agriculture faces a major challenge as it embraces decarbonisation. Farmers and land managers need the support not only of sector bodies and technology suppliers, but also the regulators and policy makers that shape how Government interacts with both farming and farmers.
A Multifunctional Land Use Framework (MLUF)
A Multifunctional Land Use Framework (MLUF) is a strategic approach to land management practice that aims to optimise the multiple benefits that land can provide, not just sustainable agriculture and food production but also other functions such as water regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation. It seeks to balance these multiple objectives in a way that is sustainable and equitable. It also informs integrated land use planning and policy development.
Adaptive multi-paddock grazing
Adaptive multi-paddock grazing (AMPG) is a dynamic and precision grazing system that mimics the natural grazing patterns of wild ungulates. It involves dividing pastures into smaller paddocks, strategically rotating livestock among these paddocks by mob grazing, sustainable and rotational grazing practices to promote diverse plant growth, prevent pasture degradation through overgrazing, and maintain soil health. It’s part of an overall sustainable agriculture strategy that supports ecosystem resilience.
Agricultural drones
Also known as UAS (unmanned aerial systems) or UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), its uses are for crop inspection, nitrogen mapping, irrigation optimisation, crop health, crop spraying, counts, crop variety selection and stock management.
Agricultural economics (agroeconomy)
Agricultural economics, or agroeconomy, is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of agricultural products. It is a branch of economics that focuses on the economic aspects of agriculture, such as the allocation of resources, the marketing of agricultural products, and the impact of agricultural policies on farmers and consumers. It encompasses production economics through to sustainable agriculture.
Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB)
The Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) is a levy-funded non-departmental public body that supports the UK’s agri-food industry with world-class knowledge and innovation. Established in 2007, AHDB serves as a trusted partner for farmers, growers, and businesses across the entire supply chain.
Agrobiodiversity
Agrobiodiversity is the diversity of plant and animal species that are used for agriculture. It encompasses the genetic diversity within and between species, the range of species used for food and agriculture, crop diversity, livestock diversity and the variety of ecosystems that support sustainable agriculture.
Agroecology
Iintegrates ecological principles with traditional farming practices. Applications include cover cropping, soil conservation, integrated pest management, crop diversification and rotational grazing.
Agroforestry
A land-use system that integrates trees, crops and livestock. Key characteristics include intra-species diversification, vertical stratification, soil conservation and enhancement, water erosion control and carbon sequestration. Applications include compost production, crop protection, livestock forage, nutrient cycling and economic diversification.
Agronomy
Agronomy is the science of soil management and crop production. It encompasses soil science, crop protection and plant nutrition, nutrient cycling, integrated pest management, disease management and water management. Agronomists study the interactions between plants, soil, and the environment to develop sustainable farming practices.
AI in farming
AI applications are being developed and implemented across various aspects of agriculture, from field management to livestock care and food processing. Applications include soil health monitoring and nutrient management, pest and disease detection, yield forecasting, precision irrigation and water management, automated machinery, smart livestock management, precision food processing and quality management along with predictive analytics and risk management.
Anaerobic digestion
A biological process that converts organic matter into biogas and digestate. Applications include manure management, food waste treatment, agricultural residue valorisation, on-farm energy production and soil fertility enhancement.
Anthelmintics
Anthelmintics are pharmaceutical compounds designed to eradicate parasitic worms, also known as helminths, that can inflict substantial harm on livestock, impacting their health, productivity, and overall well-being. These parasitic infections can manifest in various forms, including ascariasis, trichostrongyliasis, Haemonchus infection, Cooperia infestation, Teladorsagia infestation, and numerous nematode-related diseases.
Aquaponics
A food production system that integrates aquaculture (fish farming) with hydroponics (soilless crop cultivation) that minimises water usage, nutrient losses, and environmental impact.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a type of fungus that forms symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants. These fungi, also known as “mycorrhiza,” extend their hyphae into the soil, creating a vast network that helps plants access nutrients and water that they cannot reach on their own. In return, the plants provide the fungi with sugars and other organic compounds. AMF play a crucial role in plant health, nutrient cycling, and soil fertility.
Association for Renewable Energy and Clean Technology (REA)
The Association for Renewable Energy and Clean Technology (REA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the development and utilisation of renewable energy and clean technology in the agricultural sector. It provides a forum for collaboration and knowledge sharing among stakeholders, including farmers, researchers, policymakers, and industry representatives.
Automated field systems
Automated field systems are technologies that optimise resource management, enhance productivity, and minimise environmental impact. These systems integrate sensors, software algorithms, and robotic machinery to automate various farming operations, from precision agriculture and spraying, irrigation management to harvesting, crop protection and crop health monitoring.
Autonomous dairy systems
Automated dairy systems involve the integration of advanced technology to streamline and automate various aspects of dairy farm operations, from milk collection and feeding to animal health monitoring and overall herd management. Key elements of dairy farm automation for milk production efficiency include milk collection, feeding and nutrition, environmental control, animal health monitoring and herd management.
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are vehicles that use electric motors powered by rechargeable batteries to propel them. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), BEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them a cleaner and more sustainable mode of transportation. BEVs are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future of farming and sustainable agriculture.
Battery energy storage (BES)
Battery energy storage (BES) is a rapidly evolving technology that plays a crucial role in modern agriculture, enabling the efficient integration of renewable energy sources, optimising energy consumption as part of any energy management system. BES effectively store excess energy generated from solar and wind power, providing peak shaving and load levelling and a reliable backup source during periods of low renewable energy production.
Biochar production
Is a process of converting biomass into a charcoal-like material known as biochar by pyrolysis. It involves heating biomass to high temperatures (500-900°C) in the absence of oxygen, creating a stable, carbon-rich product. Practices include use of sustainable biomass, efficient pyrolysis processes, closed loop systems and continued research.
Biodiesel
An alternative to conventional diesel fuel that can be used in unmodified diesel engines. It is typically produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification
Biodiversity
For farming and agriculture it incorporates agroforestry, cover cropping, crop rotation, habitat creation, permaculture and organic farming, precision agriculture, integrated pest management amongst others.
Biodiversity net gain
A principle that aims to ensure that agricultural practices result in an overall increase in biodiversity. Applications include habitat creation, sustainable crop rotation, integrated pest management, livestock integration and precision agriculture. Practices include use of diverse crops, encouraging natural enemies, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilisers, managing grazing impact and ecosystem conservation.
Bioenergy
Bioenergy encompasses a broad range of renewable energy sources derived from organic matter, including plant and animal byproducts, agricultural residues, and dedicated energy crops. These can be solid biomass such as wood pellets, liquid biofuels or gaseous bioenergy.
Biogas
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, such as agricultural waste, food scraps, and other organic byproducts. It is a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with a smaller amount of other gases. Biogas can be used to generate electricity, heat, or transportation fuels and is a key component of a renewable energy strategy.
Biomass
Organic matter derived from living or recently living organisms, including plants, trees, crops, agricultural residues, animal waste, and forestry byproducts. It serves as a renewable resource for energy production, bioplastics, and other applications.
Biomethane
A renewable, methane-rich gas produced from organic waste materials, such as agricultural residues, food scraps, and animal manure. Practices include sustainable feed selection, efficient digestion technologies and closed loop systems.
Carbon audit
A process for measuring, tracking, and reporting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural operations. Characteristics include emissions quantification and baselining along with identification to reduce carbon usage.
Carbon auditing
Carbon auditing in agriculture encompasses a systematic process of identifying, quantifying, and evaluating GHG emissions and carbon sequestration on an agricultural landholding. GHG emissions such as livestock manure, enteric fermentation, nitrogen fertiliser application, and machinery fuel use. Simultaneously, it assesses the farm’s capacity for carbon sequestration, which involves the storage of carbon in soil organic matter, biomass, and permanent land features like trees and grasslands. Core elements include emissions inventory, sequestration estimation, carbon footprint calculation as part of the mitigation.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a process that involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from various sources, such as power plants, industrial facilities, and agricultural emissions and manure management and storing it securely underground. This technology has the potential to play a significant role in mitigating climate change by removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Technological advancements, government incentives, and increasing public awareness are driving the development and adoption of CCS in the sustainable agricultural sector.
Carbon capture farming
A set of agricultural practices that actively capture and store atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil, biomass, and other agricultural products. Characteristics include active carbon removal, soil carbon sequestration, sustainable land management and resilient agricultural systems.
Carbon cycle farming
An approach to agriculture that integrates principles of carbon sequestration, soil health, and biodiversity to enhance the long-term sustainability of farming practices. Key characteristics include carbon sequestration, soil health optimisation, biodiversity enhancement, circular economy principles underpinned by economic viability. Practices include long term soil management, sustainable land usage, closed loop nutrient management and biochar production.
Carbon cycling
In the context of agriculture, carbon cycling is particularly important for understanding the potential of soil to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby mitigating climate change. Regenerative agricultural practices, such as cover cropping, no-till farming, and livestock management, can help to increase soil organic matter and sequester carbon.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
a naturally occurring gas in the atmosphere, Co2 plays a crucial role in the Earth’s carbon cycle, facilitating plant growth and photosynthesis. Sustainable agricultural practices include precision agriculture, conservation agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM), sustainable livestock management and agroforestry.
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)
CO2e is a standardised unit used to express the global warming potential of different greenhouse gases. It represents the amount of carbon dioxide that would have the same global warming effect over a specific period. This allows for comparison of the emissions of different greenhouse gases, even though they have different lifetimes and warming potentials.
Carbon farming
A set of agricultural practices that deliberately aim to enhance soil health and carbon sequestration. Practices include long-term soil management, integrated pest and disease management and regenerative agriculture.
Carbon footprint
For agriculture, the carbon footprint includes emissions from soil management, livestock production, crop production, and transportation. Sources include soil management, livestock and crop production along with transportation.
Carbon sequestration
The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in plants, soils, and organic materials. Applications include cover cropping, no till farming, agroforestry and precision agriculture.
Carrying capacity
Sustainable carrying capacity, both livestock carrying capacity and crop carrying capacity, are the maximum populations of a particular species that a given environment can sustain indefinitely without compromising the overall health of the ecosystem. It is a crucial land management practice in sustainable agriculture, as it helps farmers to manage their livestock and ensure that they do not cause degradation of the land.
Catch crops
Also known as cover crops and green manures, they are fast-growing, non-harvested plant species that are intentionally planted in fields during off-seasons or between crop rotations. Legumes like clover, alfalfa, and peas fix nitrogen deficits, reduces reliance on synthetic fertilisers and contribute to circular nutrient management.
Central Association of Agricultural Valuers (CAAV)
The Central Association of Agricultural Valuers (CAAV) is a specialist professional body representing, qualifying and briefing agricultural and rural valuers who provide professional advice and valuation expertise on issues affecting the countryside. These can cover many topics, such as tenancy matters, sales and purchase of farms and land, taxation, compulsory purchase of land and property, auctioneering, conservation issues and farming business advice.
Circular economy
An economic model that aims to minimize the use of resources and waste generation, emphasizing the continuous use of materials within a closed-loop system. It contrasts with the linear economy, which involves extracting resources, producing goods, consuming them, and disposing of waste.
Circular nutrient management
Mimics natural nutrient cycles to minimise nutrient losses. Key principles include source reduction and precision application, retention, recovery and recycling along with biodiversity enhancement.
Circular systems
Regenerative and restorative approaches to agriculture that aim to minimise waste, maximise resource utilisation, and enhance the overall health of agricultural ecosystems. Applications include closed loop nutrient management, integrated crop and livestock systems, cover dropping, precision agriculture and no till procedures.
Clean Growth for Sustainable Intensification (CGSI)
Clean Growth for Sustainable Intensification (CGSI) is a UK Government initiative that aims to accelerate the transition to a more sustainable and productive agricultural system. It focuses on developing and implementing innovative technologies and practices that can help reduce the environmental impact of agriculture while increasing productivity. CGSI focuses on five key areas: precision agriculture, sustainable livestock farming, regenerative agriculture, bioenergy crops and circular agriculture.
Committee on climate change (CCC)
The Committee on Climate Change (CCC) is an independent body with a statutory duty to advise the UK government on climate change matters. It was established in 2008 to provide authoritative advice on the UK’s progress towards meeting its climate change targets and to recommend further action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Companion cropping
Also known as intercropping or polyculture, is a sustainable agricultural practice that involves planting two or more crops together in the same field. This technique is based on the concept of plant synergy, where different species complement each other’s growth and development, enhancing overall productivity and resilience. Types of companion cropping include nitrogen fixing, weed suppressing and insect attraction/repellant.
Compost
Composting offers a sustainable solution for managing organic waste in large-scale agriculture. this can includes practices such as centralised and mechanised composting, on farm composting systems, integration with livestock operations and local partnerships.
Compressed natural gas (CNG)
A cleaner-burning alternative to traditional petrol and diesel whose combustion produces significantly fewer greenhouse gas GHG emissions. Methane, the primary component of CNG, has a global warming potential (GWP) of 28, while gasoline has a GWP of 117 and diesel has a GWP of 278. With a higher density, CNG has lower overall costs.
Compression ignition CI
Is the combustion process employed in diesel engines. Unlike spark ignition engines, CI engines generate heat and pressure within the combustion chamber, causing the fuel to self-ignite.
Conservation farming
A range of agricultural practices that aim to improve soil health, conserve resources, and enhance environmental sustainability. It emphasises minimising soil disturbance, promoting soil cover, and diversifying crop rotation. Practices include long term soil management, crop system diversification, organic matter and water management.
Conservation tillage (CT)
Conservation tillage (CT) is a multifaceted soil management strategy that reduces the amount of soil disturbance. It encompasses techniques, including no-till, reduced tillage, strip-till, non-inversion tillage and mulch till. It reduces soil erosion, improves soil structure and nutrient cycling while conserving water resources all leading to better environmental sustainability.
Contour farming
ontour farming is a strategic land management technique that involves planting crops perpendicular to the slope of the land, creating a series of ridges and furrows that follow the contours of the terrain. This practice of soil erosion control effectively reduces water erosion by intercepting runoff and promoting infiltration into the soil. It is an effective part of sustainable agriculture.
Controlled traffic farming
Controlled traffic farming (CTF) is a soil management and sustainable agricultural practice that involves defining permanent traffic lanes across a field and using dedicated machinery to restrict traffic to these lanes. This minimises soil compaction, promotes water infiltration, and enhances soil health.
Countryside Online
Countryside Online is a leading digital platform and membership organization dedicated to supporting British agriculture and rural life. It provides a comprehensive range of resources, tools, and services for farmers, landowners, rural businesses, and those with an interest in the countryside.
Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CS)
The Countryside Stewardship (CS) incentive is a Government program that rewards farmers and land managers for adopting sustainable farming practices. The CS promotes biodiversity conservation, enhances landscape character, conserves natural resources, supports soil health and land management practices, while also contributing to the UK’s climate change mitigation and adaptation goals.
Cover crops
Also known as catch crops or green manures, they are fast-growing, non-harvested plant species that are intentionally planted in fields during off-seasons or between crop rotations. Legumes like clover, alfalfa, and peas fix nitrogen deficits, reduces reliance on synthetic fertilisers and contribute to circular nutrient management.
Crop residue incorporation
Crop residue incorporation is a sustainable soil surface management practice that involves mixing or blending crop residues into the soil after harvest. It improves soil structure and reduces soil erosion while maintaining nutrient cycling and water conservation.
Crop technology
a broad range of applications that aim to improve crop yields and quality. Key elements include genetic engineering, selective breeding, biotechnology along with precision and digital agriculture.
DEFRA - the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
The Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) oversees a wide range of policy and initiatives that shape the country’s food production, environmental stewardship, and rural communities. From promoting sustainable farming practices, innovation, regulation and enforcement, farmer support, international engagement to safeguarding public health and ensuring food safety and food security, DEFRA plays a key role in ensuring the continued success of the UK’s agricultural sector.
Digital agriculture
Encompasses the use of technology to collect, analyse, and utilise data to improve agricultural practices. Technologies include sensors, drones and use of data analytics. This is not to be confused with the more narrow term robotic farming that focuses on automation of agricultural machinery.
Diverse swards
Diverse swards, also known as multi-species swards or polycultures, are grasslands or pastures that encompass multiple plant species, including grasses, legumes, and forbs. Part of a multi-species pasture management approach, key elements provide forage options, nutrient cycling, soil health improvement and reduced pest and disease pressure, promoting soil health, drought resistance, water infiltration and overall ecosystem resilience.
Dual fuel
Dual-fuel technology, also known as bi-fuel technology, enables a hybrid power source where either petrol or diesel is complemented by a secondary source such as hydrogen or LNG (liquid natural gas). New machines or conversion kits are generally more expensive with a long term ROI on lower fuelling and running costs.
Endemic diseases
Endemic diseases are consistently present and pose a persistent challenge that can affect livestock and poultry, leading to reduced productivity, increased mortality, and economic loss. Characterised by causative pathogens and zoonotic pathogens, they
can pose risks to human health, particularly for those involved in close contact with animals.
Energy crops
Selected for their high energy content per unit area, energy crops are specially cultivated plants that are grown for conversion into biofuels, biogas, or heat as a renewable energy source. These herbaceous, woody or waste derived crops offer a sustainable energy source, biodiversity enhancement and soil improvement.
Enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEF)
Enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEFs) aim to optimise targeted nutrient delivery and uptake by crops while minimising environmental impacts as part of a precision agriculture and smart farming strategy. These include targeted release, slow release and controlled release fertilisers that are formulated to enhance nutrient availability, reduce nutrient losses, and promote good soil health management.
Enteric fermentation
Enteric fermentation is a natural microbial process that occurs in the digestive tracts of ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats. During enteric fermentation, microorganisms break down the complex carbohydrates in plant material, producing methane, carbon dioxide, and other gases. It is a primary source of methane emissions from ruminants. Enteric fermentation occurs in four main steps: Chewing, rumination, digestion and absorption.
Environmental stress index (ESI)
The environmental stress index (ESI) is a quantitative measure that assesses the combined effect of various environmental factors on crop growth and crop health. A crop stress index, it provides a comprehensive assessment of how climatic conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, influence crop stress levels and is an integral crop management resource.
Erosion management
Erosion management, like soil erosion control, is the practice of reducing soil loss due to wind and water erosion, ensuring the long-term productivity and sustainability of agricultural lands. This crucial practice is essential for maintaining soil health, protecting water quality, and enhancing environmental resilience and building sustainable agriculture practices.
Ethanol
A biofuel produced from the fermentation of sugars or starches derived from various sources, including corn, sugarcane, sugar beets and other crops.
Farm of the future
Farming practices include precision agriculture, digital transformation that will integrate intelligence systems with human-machine collaboration, sustainable practices with resilience combined with continuous improvement.
Farming automation
Farming automation encompasses the application of technologies to reduce manual labor and enhance efficiency across various agricultural operations. This includes robotics, irrigation, precision farming, machine vision and livestock automation.
Farming genetics
Farming genetics, also known as agricultural biotechnology, is the application of genetic engineering and genomics to improve crop varieties, livestock breeds, and agricultural practices. Areas include disease resistance, nutrient enhancement, stress tolerance and resilience to genetic drift.
Farming Rules for Water (FrFW)
Farming Rules for Water (FrFW) are a set of rules that set out the requirements for farmers in England to manage their land in a way that protects water quality and quantity. They were introduced in 2018 and are designed to help farmers comply with the Water Framework Directive and reduce the risks and impacts of nitrate pollution and pesticide pollution. FrFW cover a wide range of agricultural practices, including: Manure management, winter cropping, precision irrigation and soil management.
Farming technology
Also known as agritech, it encompasses a range of cutting-edge technologies that revolutionise agricultural practices. They are designed to enhance crop yields, optimise livestock management, and promote sustainable farming strategies. They are categorised into precision agriculture, farming automation, biotechnology and digital platforms.
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)
Also known as biodiesel, FAMEs are renewable transportation fuels produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oil through a process called transesterification.
Feed-In Tariff (FIT)
A Feed-in Tariff (FIT) is a government-backed scheme that provides financial incentives to individuals and businesses to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as solar energy, wind energy and biomass energy. Under a FIT, electricity generators are paid a fixed tariff for the electricity they export to the grid, regardless of the market price. This tariff is designed to cover the costs of installing and maintaining renewable energy systems, as well as to provide a return on investment as part of an overall climate mitigation strategy.
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)
The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Established in 1945, FAO works in over 130 countries to improve nutrition, increase agricultural productivity, conserve natural resources, and ensure sustainable development of the world’s food and agriculture systems.
Food sovereignty and security
Food sovereignty, or food security, is a concept that emphasises the right of people to define their own food and agricultural systems. It encompasses the ability of communities to control their food production, distribution, consumption, and access to resources. Food sovereignty challenges the current global food system. Key principles are: Community control, food democracy, social justice, sustainable agriculture and cultural food heritage.
Food, Farming and Countryside Commission (FFCC)
FFCC’s aim is to help shape a new vision and mandate for a just transition to sustainable food and farming systems.
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type of electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell to convert hydrogen into electricity to power the vehicle. FCEVs are considered a zero-emission vehicle, as they only produce water vapor as a byproduct.
Fuel Cell Range Extended Electric Vehicle (VC REEV)
A Fuel Cell Range Extended Electric Vehicle (VC REEV) is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that utilizes a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity for propulsion. The fuel cell serves as a range extender, providing an additional source of power when the vehicle’s battery capacity is depleted. This hybrid design combines the advantages of both electric and fuel cell vehicles, offering extended range, zero-emission driving, and fast refueling capabilities.
Future of Rural Energy England (FREE)
The Future of Rural Energy England (FREE) program is a government-funded initiative that aims to support the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies in rural areas of England. The program is focused on increasing the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve energy security. Since its inception in 2011, the program has supported over 2,000 renewable energy projects, generating over 100 MW of electricity.
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
Global Navigation Satellite Systems or GNSS, enables precision farming practices that enhance productivity, optimise resource use, and promote sustainable practices. Key elements include precision agriculture, intelligent irrigation, field mapping and management, automated machinery control, crop modelling and yield prediction.
Global warming potential (GWP)
Global warming potential (GWP) is a metric used to compare the relative climate impact of different greenhouse gases by measuring how much heat they trap in the Earth’s atmosphere over a given period of time. GWP values are expressed relative to carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is assigned a GWP of 1. GWP is calculated by multiplying the instantaneous radiative forcing of a gas by its atmospheric lifetime. Radiative forcing is a measure of how much a gas absorbs and re-emits energy from the sun, contributing to global warming.
Grass less
Grass leys, also known as temporary grassland or ley pastures, are fields of grass that are sown and managed for a specific period of time, typically one to five years. They are not permanent pastures that are grazed or mowed indefinitely. Grass leys are an important part of sustainable grassland management. Types of ley pastures include cutting leys, grazing leys and mixed purpose leys.
Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS)
The Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS) is a government-funded scheme that aims to support the production of biomethane and other renewable gases from organic waste streams. The scheme provides financial incentives to bio-methane producers in the form of tariffs, which are fixed payments per unit of bio-methane produced. GGSS supports the production of biomethane from a variety of organic waste streams, including: Agricultural digestate, food waste, industrial waste water and municipal solid waste.
Green manures
Also known as cover or catch crops and green manures, they are fast-growing, non-harvested plant species that are intentionally planted in fields during off-seasons or between crop rotations. Legumes like clover, alfalfa, and peas fix nitrogen deficits, reduces reliance on synthetic fertilisers and contribute to circular nutrient management.
Greenhouse gas (GHG)
GHGs are naturally occurring and primarily consist of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases (F-Gases). These gases play a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s temperature by absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation.
Ground limestone CaCO3
Ground limestone, also known as agricultural limestone or calcitic limestone, is a natural mineral composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is commonly used in agriculture as a soil amendment to improve soil structure, increase pH, and reduce soil acidity.
Groundswell Regenerative Agriculture Show
Groundswell is a leading regenerative agriculture event that brings together farmers, growers, and experts from around the world to explore innovative practices and technologies for sustainable agriculture and food production. The show showcases the latest developments in regenerative agriculture, including cover cropping, livestock management, soil health, and carbon sequestration. Regenerative agriculture is gaining momentum as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to food production. Groundswell is playing a leading role in promoting regenerative agriculture practices.
Hands-free hectare farm
A hands-free hectare farm is a concept for a highly automated and data-driven agricultural system that aims to maximize crop yield and minimise human labour. This approach utilises a combination of precision agriculture technologies, including autonomous machinery, sensors, and data analytics, to optimise crop growth and management. The goal is to achieve high-quality yields while reducing labour requirements and environmental impact.
Horticultural Trades Association (HTA)
The Horticultural Trades Association (HTA) is the leading trade association for the UK garden industry, representing over 2,000 garden retailers, landscape contractors, nurseries, and suppliers. It is a non-profit organisation that works to promote and support the industry, ensuring that it is sustainable, profitable, and environmentally responsible.
Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2)
Hydrated lime, also known as slaked lime or quicklime, is a white, powdery substance that is formed by the reaction of quicklime (CaO) with water. It is a common agricultural liming material used to improve soil pH and calcium content. It’s agricultural applications are soil pH adjustment, calcium supplementation, microorganism enhancement, soil aeration and pest and disease management.
Hydro electric power
Hydroelectricity, also known as hydropower, is a clean and cost-effective renewable energy source that harnesses the power of moving water. Applications include powering, drying, processing and lighting/heating.
Hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE)
A hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) is a type of internal combustion engine (ICE) that uses hydrogen as its fuel. H2ICEs are similar to conventional petrol powered ICEs in that they use the same basic combustion process to generate power. However, instead of burning gasoline, H2ICEs burn hydrogen gas, which produces only water vapor as a byproduct. This makes H2ICEs a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.
Hydrogen refuelling station (HRS)
A hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) is a facility that provides hydrogen for refueling fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). FCEVs are vehicles that use hydrogen as fuel to power an electric motor. Hydrogen is a clean, renewable energy source that has the potential to play a major role in the transition to a sustainable transportation system.
Hydroponics
A soilless cultivation technique that utilises nutrient-rich water solutions. It is a highly controlled and efficient method of crop production that can improve yield, reduce water consumption, and minimise the risk of pests and diseases.
hydrotreated renewable diesel
HRD, also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), is a second-generation biofuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oil through a process called hydrotreating.
Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)
HVO, also known as hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD), is a second-generation biofuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oil. HVO undergoes a process called hydrotreating, which involves catalytically adding hydrogen to the vegetable oil molecules.
Innovation for agriculture
Innovation for Agriculture is an independent charity working
to support farmer innovation and practice change in UK farming. They collaborate with leading researchers and major food and farming companies to connect farmers with the latest developments in science, technology and policy, supporting the transition to more sustainable farming.
Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture (TIAH)
The Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture (TIAH) is agriculture and horticulture’s professional body. They support a profitable and sustainable industry by transforming the approach to training and skills development.
Integrated pest management IPM
An approach to pest control that considers biological, cultural, physical, and chemical control methods in a coordinated manner that aims to minimise the use of pesticides and other harmful substances.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide governments with a clear understanding of the science related to climate change and its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.
Internal combustion engines (ICE)
Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are the most common type of engine used in agricultural machinery, from tractors and combine harvesters to irrigation pumps and grain dryers. ICEs convert chemical energy stored in fossil fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, or natural gas, into mechanical energy. As the demand for sustainable agriculture grows, ICEs are likely to be replaced by alternative technologies, such as electric vehicles and hybrid systems
International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA)
The International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and advancing the science and practice of precision agriculture (PA) worldwide as a sustainable agriculture practice. It was founded in 1994 to provide a platform for scientists, researchers, educators, and practitioners to exchange knowledge, collaborate on research projects, and promote the adoption of precision farming technologies.
Kilowatt hour (kWh)
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy equal to the work done by one kilowatt of power for one hour. It is a commonly used unit of measurement for electrical energy, representing the amount of energy consumed by an electrical appliance or system over a specific period.
Kilowatts (electric) KWe
Kilowatts (electric) or KWe is a unit of electrical power that measures the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or generated. One kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts. KWe is commonly used to measure the power output of electric motors and the capacity of electric generators.
Linking Environment and Farming (LEAF)
Linking Environment and Farming (LEAF) is a leading sustainable agriculture initiative that promotes the integration of environmental and social considerations into farming practices. Established in 1983, LEAF has been recognised for its work in promoting sustainable farming practices, including soil health, water management, biodiversity, carbon neutrality, and animal welfare.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
LNG is a cleaner-burning alternative to traditional petrol and diesel with combustion carrying a global warming potential (GWP) of 28, while gasoline has a GWP of 117 and diesel has a GWP of 278.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
LPG is a clean-burning hydrocarbon fuel formed from propane and butane and combustion has a global warming potential (GWP) of 31, while gasoline has a GWP of 117 and diesel has a GWP of 278.
Machine vision
Computer vision systems that detect pests, diseases, and weeds in crops, enabling targeted treatment without harming healthy plants. This precision reduces reliance on broad-spectrum pesticides and herbicides.
Manure management
Sustainable manure management, or slurry management, involves the collection, storage, treatment, and utilisation of animal manure to contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system. It incorporates collection and storage, treatment and stabilisation, soil amendment and nutrient cycling and is part of an approach to environmentally friendly farming.
Methane (CH4)
Or CH4, is primarily produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is a potent greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential over 20 times that of carbon dioxide.
Minimum tillage
Minimum tillage is a sustainable agricultural and soil management practice that minimises soil disturbance, reducing the need for herbicides, pesticides, and soil erosion. It involves shallow cultivation or no cultivation at all, allowing for the preservation of soil structure, organic matter, and water infiltration. This approach contributes to improved soil health, reduced environmental impact, and increased crop yields.
Mob grazing
Also known as adaptive multi-paddock grazing is part of pasture management strategy that involves grazing animals in small, concentrated groups, or “mobs,” across a large area. A precision grazing strategy, the principles to promote pasture health and productivity include; Short grazing periods with herds moved frequently, higher stocking rates, long rest periods between grazing times, rotational grazing between multiple paddocks and using different species to optimise forage utilisation.
Monogastric livestock
Monogastric livestock, including pigs, poultry, and horses possess a simpler digestive system compared to ruminants, with a single-chambered stomach and a shorter gut length. There is a lower feed demand for monogastrics and efficient feed conversion.
National Farmers Union (NFU)
The National Farmers Union (NFU) is the UK’s leading organization representing farmers and growers. It was established in 1908 to provide a collective voice for the agricultural industry, advocating for the interests of farmers and promoting the economic, environmental, and social benefits of agriculture.
National Federation of Young Farmers (NFYFC)
The National Federation of Young Farmers’ Clubs (NFYFC) is a youth organization based in the United Kingdom that serves as a network for young people interested in agriculture and rural life. It provides a range of opportunities for young people to develop their skills, knowledge, agriculture education, and agriculture leadership abilities, while also promoting their involvement in the agricultural industry.
National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB)
The National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB) is a leading agricultural research organisation that provides science-based solutions to improve the productivity, sustainability, and resilience of British agriculture. It was established in 1919 to address the challenges of food security and nutrition after the First World War. It looks at areas of plant breeding, genetics, soil science, agronomy and sustainable agriculture.
Natural capital
Natural capital refers to the planet’s stock of natural assets, including land, water, air, forests, minerals, and biodiversity, which provide a wide range of goods and services that underpin human well-being and economic activity. These natural assets are essential for agriculture, providing food, water, and fiber, as well as supporting soil health, pollination, and nutrient cycling.
Natural resource management
Nature based solutions
In agriculture, they can be used to improve soil health, conserve water, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance biodiversity. Practices include ingrain with conventional practice, a holistic approach, local context and ongoing research.
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless, odorless gas that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and immune response. In agriculture, NO has emerged as a versatile molecule with potential applications in enhancing crop growth, improving nutrient uptake, and controlling pests and diseases. Plant growth promotion with NO is a key benefit.
Nitrogen (N) fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a crucial biological process that converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form usable by plants, a process essential for plant growth and food production. This process is carried out by certain microorganisms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria, which have the unique ability to break down the strong nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond. As part of a sustainable agriculture strategy, it can enhance plant growth and crop productivity
Nitrous oxide (N2)
Nitrous oxide (N₂O), also known as laughing gas, is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global warming potential (GWP) of 310 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂) over a 100-year period. It is a byproduct of various agricultural activities, including manure management, fertiliser usage, and soil cultivation, and plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector.
No tillage
Also known as no-tillage or direct seeding, is an agricultural practice that involves planting seeds directly into the soil without disturbing the previous crop residue. It can be incorporated into convention and cover cropping, precision agriculture, integrated pest management and agroforestry.
Non-inversion tillage
Non-inversion tillage (NIT) is a soil management practice that minimises or eliminates tillage operations, preserving soil structure and enhancing soil health. This sustainable agriculture practice promotes water infiltration, root development, aeration, reduced erosion, nutrient cycling and biological activity stimulation.
Novel proteins
Novel proteins, including insect proteins, algae proteins, plant based proteins, cell-based proteins, and cultured meat, are emerging sources of alternative protein that have the potential to revolutionise food production. Requiring less land, water and energy to produce these proteins are derived from non-traditional sources.
Nutrient cycling
The process in which nutrients move through the environment, from the atmosphere to soil, plants, animals, and back to the atmosphere. Key components include atmospheric nitrogen fixation, plant uptake, animal excretion and decomposition, mineralisation and soil nutrient storage.
On farm heating and cooling
Efficient climate control plays a crucial role in optimizing agricultural operations, ensuring optimal temperature and humidity conditions for crop growth, livestock comfort, and overall farm productivity. On-farm heating and cooling systems provide the necessary means to regulate temperature extremes, maintain consistent indoor environments, and support year-round production. it’s an important part of climate control for farms and requires approaches and strategies for sustainable agriculture.
Organic farming
A broad approach that focuses on key principles including soil health, biodiversity, natural pest and disease control, exclusion of synthetic fertilisers and genetically modified organisms, resource efficiency, animal welfare, traceability, provenance & transparency centred on local and sustainable production.
Organic fertilisers
Organic fertilisers are nutrient-rich substances derived from plant or animal sources that enrich soil fertility without relying on synthetic chemicals. They are chemical free and natural fertilisers that promote sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil health, improving crop yields, and reducing environmental impact.
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in agriculture are a group of gases that includes nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), play a complex role in agriculture. While NO has the potential to enhance crop growth and suppress pests and diseases, NO₂ can be detrimental to plant health and contribute to air pollution. Understanding the balance of benefits and impacts of NOx is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices. NOx plays a double-edged role in agriculture, offering potential benefits for crop growth and pest suppression while also posing risks to plant health and air quality.
Particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter (PM) in agriculture is a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, poses significant threats to crop health and environmental quality. PM can directly damage plant tissues, interfere with photosynthesis, and contribute to the formation of harmful secondary pollutants. Understanding the sources and impacts of PM in agricultural settings is crucial for developing mitigation strategies and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Permaculture
An approach to land management and design that seeks to create sustainable and harmonious human nature relationships. Key characteristics include ecological design, resource conservation, species diversity, circular systems and human nature symbiosis.
Precision farming and agriculture
Precision agriculture, leveraging GPS, sensors, and data analytics, enables farmers to tailor their practices to specific crop and soil conditions, maximizing productivity and minimizing resource inputs.
Precision grazing
Precision grazing is a pasture management strategy that employs advanced technologies to reduce pasture degradation, enhance soil health, and promote plant diversity and sustainable livestock production. It involves dividing pastures into smaller paddocks, and using sustainable grazing methods such as mob grazing, rotational grazing, all of which promotes ecosystem resilience.
and closely monitoring grazing patterns and pasture conditions to make informed management decisions.
Quicklime (CaO)
Quicklime, also known as burnt lime or calcium oxide, is a white, caustic, alkaline chemical compound with the formula CaO. It is produced by heating limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) to a high temperature (825°C) in a kiln, where it decomposes into quicklime and carbon dioxide (CO2). It’s used for Soil pH adjustment:, lime stabilisation, waste water management and animal feed additives.
Readily available nitrogen (RAN)
Readily available nitrogen (RAN) is the nitrogen in a fertilizer that is immediately available for plant uptake. It is typically measured as a percentage of the total nitrogen content of the fertilizer. RAN and nitrogen uptake is important for plant growth because it is the form of nitrogen that plants can use most quickly. RAN is determined by the following: Type of fertiliser, application rate, soil type and weather.
Regenerative agriculture
An approach that focuses on improving soil health, enhancing biodiversity, and enhancing ecosystem services, while simultaneously producing food. Key characteristics are soil health, biodiversity enhancement, ecosystem service such as pollination and carbon sequestration. Applications are no till, cover cropping crop rotation, integrated pest management and permaculture design.
Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)
The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) was a government-run scheme that provided financial support to individuals and businesses that installed renewable heating technologies in their homes or businesses. The RHI was discontinued for new installations in March 2022, but existing RHI installations will continue to receive payments until their relevant tariff period ends.
Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROC’s)
Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs) are tradable certificates issued by the government to electricity generators who produce electricity from renewable energy as part of their Renewable Obligation (RO). The number of ROCs issued is based on the amount of renewable electricity generated, and they can be sold to energy suppliers who are required to meet renewable energy targets as part of a low carbon economy drive. [url target=”_blank” link=”https://example.com”]Click here to link to a website[/url]
Renewable transport fuel 0bligation (RTFO)
The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) is a regulatory mechanism introduced in the UK to encourage the production and consumption of renewable transport fuels, such as biodiesel and bioethanol. The RTFO mandates that fuel suppliers blend a minimum proportion of renewable fuels into their overall fuel sales. This policy aims to reduce the carbon footprint of the transportation sector and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Resilient farming
Agricultural practices that emphasise adaptability, resource efficiency, and ecological balance. Its approach is designed to deal with issues such climate change, extreme weather events, market fluctuations, and resource scarcity.
Responsible animal management
Responsible animal management is an approach to livestock production that prioritises the well-being and welfare of animals while ensuring efficient production and environmental sustainability. It encompasses a range of sustainable practices that address the physical, social, and behavioural needs of animals throughout their lifecycle. Key elements include nutrition and feed management, environmental enrichment, meeting behavioural needs, health and disease prevention, antibiotics reduction and animal handling and transport practices.
Responsible dairy farming
Encompasses a range of activities, including animal husbandry, pasture management, feed production, milking procedures and processing. Practices for sustainable dairy farming include animal welfare and precision feeding, regenerative grazing, manure management and waste reduction, energy efficiency and water reduction.
Riparian buffer
Riparian buffers are vegetated strips of land that are strategically placed along waterways to protect water quality, enhance soil health, and support biodiversity as part of a soil erosion control strategy. These buffers play a vital role in sustainable agriculture by mitigating the impact of agricultural activities on surrounding water systems. They intercept runoff pollution, mitigate soil erosion and sediment transport, maintain water quality through watershed protection and restore natural habitat.
Robotic farming
Employs autonomous machines equipped with sensors, actuators and advanced software to automate repetitive and labour intensive tasks that also require precision.
Royal Agricultural Society of England (RASE)
The Royal Agricultural Society of England (RASE) is a leading agricultural organization with a rich history dating back to 1838. It is dedicated to promoting and advancing the science and practice of agriculture, ensuring that the UK’s agricultural industry remains sustainable and competitive.
Ruminant livestock
Ruminant livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats, deer and llamas possess a unique digestive system that enables them to convert fibrous feeds and non-digestible plant matter into valuable nutrients and energy. Renewable energy from ruminant manure, through the process of anaerobic digestion, is an important source of low carbon biofuel.
Rural Development Programme of England (RDPE)
The Rural Development Programme of England (RDPE) is a government-funded program that provides financial support to farmers, communities, and businesses in rural England. It aims to promote sustainable development in rural areas, environmental enhancement, and support innovation and competitiveness in the agricultural sector.
Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions
Scope 1: Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from owned or controlled sources.
Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heat, or cooling.
Scope 3: All indirect GHG emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.
Scope 3.1: Upstream emissions from the production chain of goods or services
Scope 3.2: Downstream emissions when a company’s goods or services are used
Scope 3.3: Investment emissions from investments in other companies or projects
Silvopasture
Silvopasture, a centuries-old agroforestry practice, strategically integrates trees, forage, and grazing livestock to foster a synergistic ecosystem. This sustainable approach enhances soil health, optimises water retention, and promotes biodiversity, while simultaneously producing a variety of valuable outputs, including timber, livestock products, and fruits. Silvopasture contributes to the creation of a more resilient and productive landscape, offering a compelling solution for agricultural sustainability.
Slurry acidification
The process of lowering the pH of slurry, the agricultural wastewater containing animal manure, to enhance its stability, reduce ammonia emissions, odour reduction and improve nutrient utilisation. Methods include acid addition, enzymatic or bacterial acidification.
Smart farms
Technologically advanced farms that leverage data-driven decision-making and precision agriculture techniques to optimize resource utilisation, enhance productivity, and reduce environmental impact. They utilise interconnected sensors, software, and machinery to collect and analyse real-time data from various aspects of the farm, including soil, crops, livestock, and irrigation systems.
Soil erosion control
Soil erosion control is a key aspect of sustainable agriculture, aiming to minimise soil loss due to wind and water erosion. Key elements include cover cropping, reduced tillage, contour farming and terracing, weed management and establishing riparian buffer zones – all leading to increased crop productivity and sustainable agriculture practices.
Soil health
Soil health is the capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plant and animal life by providing food, fodder, fiber, fuel, and other essential ecosystem services. It encompasses the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil that influence its ability to support plant growth, regulate water and nutrient cycles, and provide habitat for beneficial organisms. It is governed by the following principles, balance, biodiversity, structure, nutrient cycling and resilience and is at the heart of sustainable agriculture.
Soil management
Soil management encompasses a range of practices that aim to improve and maintain soil health and resilience, enhance crop productivity, and conserve natural resources. It is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, ensuring that farmland remains productive and resilient for future production and food security. Key elements include soil fertility enhancement, soil structure enhancement, water management optimisation, pest and disease management along with nutrient cycling.
Soil organic carbon (SOC)
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component of soil health, playing a vital role in maintaining soil structure, fertility, and water retention. It is the decomposed remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that have been incorporated into the soil over time. SOC provides a number of benefits for crops and the environment. As the importance of soil health in sustainable agriculture grows, the focus on SOC management is expected to intensify. Innovative practices, such as biochar application and precision agriculture, aim to enhance SOC levels and maintain soil fertility.
Soil organic matter (SOM)
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the complex and dynamic mixture of plant and animal residues, humus, and microorganisms found in soil. It is a crucial component of healthy soil, playing a vital role in soil structure, water retention, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Research has consistently shown that increasing SOM levels leads to improved crop yields and overall soil health.
Soil surface management
Soil surface management encompasses a range of practices that aim to optimise the physical and biological conditions of the soil surface, enhancing crop production and promoting sustainable land management. These practices influence soil structure, soil compaction control, water infiltration, nutrient cycling, pest and disease dynamics and reduce soil erosion and runoff.
Solar photovoltaics (PV)
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems provide a clean and renewable energy source for powering agricultural operations, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and promoting sustainable practices. Solar PV can be integrated into various farming applications, from irrigation pumps and greenhouse heating to farm buildings electrification and energy storage systems and a source of renewable energy in agriculture.
Solar power and energy
It offers several benefits for agricultural operations, including reduced energy costs, improved energy independence, and environmental sustainability. Applications include on-farm power and off-grid sustainability.
Strip tillage
Strip tillage is a conservation tillage practice that partially disturbs the soil in narrow bands, leaving the majority of the soil undisturbed. This practice preserves soil health and soil structure, enhances nutrient cycling, aids water preservation and promotes sustainable agriculture overall.
Sustain. The Alliance for Better Food and Farming
Sustain is a UK-based alliance of over 600 organisations working to transform the food system to one that is fairer, healthier, and ensures more sustainable food and farming and regenerative agriculture.
Sustainable farming
An approach to agriculture that seeks to balance the production of food with the preservation of natural resources, environmental health, and social well-being. It emphasises minimisation of negative environmental impacts, conserving resources, and enhancing biodiversity while ensuring long-term productivity and profitability.
Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI)
The Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) is the Government program that aims to reward farmers for adopting sustainable farming practices that enhance environmental benefits and improve soil health. The SFI provides financial incentives to farmers who implement practices that promote biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, support carbon sequestration, improve water quality, and enhance soil health. This program aligns with the UK’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
Sustainable livestock management
Emphasising efficient feed management, waste reduction, and humane animal husbandry. Practices include pasture based and zero grazing systems along with silvopastoral application.
Tank to wheel efficiency (TtW)
Tank-to-wheel (TTW) efficiency is a key metric for evaluating the fuel efficiency of agricultural vehicles. It represents the percentage of the fuel energy that is actually utilized to propel the vehicle, excluding losses due to engine inefficiency, friction, and other inefficiencies. A higher TTW efficiency indicates that the vehicle is using fuel more effectively, reducing fuel consumption and associated costs.
The Institute of Agricultural Management (IAgrM)
The Institute of Agricultural Management (IAgrM) is a professional body for those engaged in agricultural, rural and environmental management.
The Rural Community Energy Fund (RCEF)
The Rural Community Energy Fund (RCEF) is a UK government-funded program that provides grants to rural communities to develop and implement renewable energy projects. The aim of the RCEF is to promote the deployment of renewable energy in rural areas, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and improve energy security. Since its inception in 2019, the RCEF has supported over 1,000 projects, with a total value of over £600 million. These projects have generated over 1,000 megawatts of renewable energy.
Tractor Vaporising Oil (TVO)
Tractor vaporising oil (TVO) is a type of fuel used in older tractor engines. It is a distillate of crude oil, similar to diesel fuel, but with a lower flash point. This means that it requires special handling and storage to prevent accidental ignition. TVO was widely used in tractors until the 1980s, when it was replaced by diesel fuel due to environmental regulations and improved fuel efficiency.
Transforming Food Production Challenge (TFP)
The Transforming Food Production Challenge is a UKRI-funded initiative that aims to develop innovative technologies and practices to transform the way food is produced. The challenge is driven by the need to address the challenges of climate change, population growth, and resource scarcity, while ensuring that food production is sustainable, resilient, and equitable. The Transforming Food Production Challenge has the potential to transform the way food is produced, ensuring that it is sustainable, resilient, and equitable in future.
Ultra low emission vehicle (ULEV)
An ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV) is a type of vehicle that produces significantly lower emissions than conventional vehicles. ULEVs typically emit less than 75g of CO2 per kilometer, which is around 50% lower than the average for new cars.
Vertical farming
A method that cultivates crops in vertically stacked layers in controlled environments, often indoors and relying on artificial lighting and climate control. A combination of hydroponic, aeroponic, or aquaponic techniques to grow without the need for soil.
Waste management
The collection, transportation, treatment, reuse, and/or disposal of waste generated from agricultural and livestock activities. Key characteristics include waste reduction, recycling, hazard treatment, energy recovery and composting.
Water management
Water management encompasses the practices and strategies employed to optimise water use and water conservation in agricultural systems, ensuring efficient water allocation, preventing water waste, and protecting water resources. It plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture. It includes surface water and groundwater protection, irrigation strategies, dredge and fill operations, pond management, drought management and watershed protection.
Water protection and stewardship
Strategies to safeguard water resources from contamination, depletion, and degradation resulting from agricultural activities. This includes water conservation, nutrient management, wastewater management, surface water protection and groundwater protection.
Well to tank efficiency (WT)
Well to tank (WT) efficiency assesses the energy losses incurred during the extraction, processing, and transportation of fuel feedstocks. It measures the percentage of the original energy content of the feedstock that remains in the final fuel product. High WT efficiency indicates that the fuel production process is more efficient and has a lower environmental impact.
A Multifunctional Land Use Framework (MLUF)
A Multifunctional Land Use Framework (MLUF) is a strategic approach to land management practice that aims to optimise the multiple benefits that land can provide, not just sustainable agriculture and food production but also other functions such as water regulation, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity conservation. It seeks to balance these multiple objectives in a way that is sustainable and equitable. It also informs integrated land use planning and policy development.
Adaptive multi-paddock grazing
Adaptive multi-paddock grazing (AMPG) is a dynamic and precision grazing system that mimics the natural grazing patterns of wild ungulates. It involves dividing pastures into smaller paddocks, strategically rotating livestock among these paddocks by mob grazing, sustainable and rotational grazing practices to promote diverse plant growth, prevent pasture degradation through overgrazing, and maintain soil health. It’s part of an overall sustainable agriculture strategy that supports ecosystem resilience.
Agricultural drones
Also known as UAS (unmanned aerial systems) or UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), its uses are for crop inspection, nitrogen mapping, irrigation optimisation, crop health, crop spraying, counts, crop variety selection and stock management.
Agricultural economics (agroeconomy)
Agricultural economics, or agroeconomy, is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of agricultural products. It is a branch of economics that focuses on the economic aspects of agriculture, such as the allocation of resources, the marketing of agricultural products, and the impact of agricultural policies on farmers and consumers. It encompasses production economics through to sustainable agriculture.
Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB)
The Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB) is a levy-funded non-departmental public body that supports the UK’s agri-food industry with world-class knowledge and innovation. Established in 2007, AHDB serves as a trusted partner for farmers, growers, and businesses across the entire supply chain.
Agrobiodiversity
Agrobiodiversity is the diversity of plant and animal species that are used for agriculture. It encompasses the genetic diversity within and between species, the range of species used for food and agriculture, crop diversity, livestock diversity and the variety of ecosystems that support sustainable agriculture.
Agroecology
Iintegrates ecological principles with traditional farming practices. Applications include cover cropping, soil conservation, integrated pest management, crop diversification and rotational grazing.
Agroforestry
A land-use system that integrates trees, crops and livestock. Key characteristics include intra-species diversification, vertical stratification, soil conservation and enhancement, water erosion control and carbon sequestration. Applications include compost production, crop protection, livestock forage, nutrient cycling and economic diversification.
Agronomy
Agronomy is the science of soil management and crop production. It encompasses soil science, crop protection and plant nutrition, nutrient cycling, integrated pest management, disease management and water management. Agronomists study the interactions between plants, soil, and the environment to develop sustainable farming practices.
AI in farming
AI applications are being developed and implemented across various aspects of agriculture, from field management to livestock care and food processing. Applications include soil health monitoring and nutrient management, pest and disease detection, yield forecasting, precision irrigation and water management, automated machinery, smart livestock management, precision food processing and quality management along with predictive analytics and risk management.
Anaerobic digestion
A biological process that converts organic matter into biogas and digestate. Applications include manure management, food waste treatment, agricultural residue valorisation, on-farm energy production and soil fertility enhancement.
Anthelmintics
Anthelmintics are pharmaceutical compounds designed to eradicate parasitic worms, also known as helminths, that can inflict substantial harm on livestock, impacting their health, productivity, and overall well-being. These parasitic infections can manifest in various forms, including ascariasis, trichostrongyliasis, Haemonchus infection, Cooperia infestation, Teladorsagia infestation, and numerous nematode-related diseases.
Aquaponics
A food production system that integrates aquaculture (fish farming) with hydroponics (soilless crop cultivation) that minimises water usage, nutrient losses, and environmental impact.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a type of fungus that forms symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants. These fungi, also known as “mycorrhiza,” extend their hyphae into the soil, creating a vast network that helps plants access nutrients and water that they cannot reach on their own. In return, the plants provide the fungi with sugars and other organic compounds. AMF play a crucial role in plant health, nutrient cycling, and soil fertility.
Association for Renewable Energy and Clean Technology (REA)
The Association for Renewable Energy and Clean Technology (REA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the development and utilisation of renewable energy and clean technology in the agricultural sector. It provides a forum for collaboration and knowledge sharing among stakeholders, including farmers, researchers, policymakers, and industry representatives.
Automated field systems
Automated field systems are technologies that optimise resource management, enhance productivity, and minimise environmental impact. These systems integrate sensors, software algorithms, and robotic machinery to automate various farming operations, from precision agriculture and spraying, irrigation management to harvesting, crop protection and crop health monitoring.
Autonomous dairy systems
Automated dairy systems involve the integration of advanced technology to streamline and automate various aspects of dairy farm operations, from milk collection and feeding to animal health monitoring and overall herd management. Key elements of dairy farm automation for milk production efficiency include milk collection, feeding and nutrition, environmental control, animal health monitoring and herd management.
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are vehicles that use electric motors powered by rechargeable batteries to propel them. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), BEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, making them a cleaner and more sustainable mode of transportation. BEVs are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future of farming and sustainable agriculture.
Battery energy storage (BES)
Battery energy storage (BES) is a rapidly evolving technology that plays a crucial role in modern agriculture, enabling the efficient integration of renewable energy sources, optimising energy consumption as part of any energy management system. BES effectively store excess energy generated from solar and wind power, providing peak shaving and load levelling and a reliable backup source during periods of low renewable energy production.
Biochar production
Is a process of converting biomass into a charcoal-like material known as biochar by pyrolysis. It involves heating biomass to high temperatures (500-900°C) in the absence of oxygen, creating a stable, carbon-rich product. Practices include use of sustainable biomass, efficient pyrolysis processes, closed loop systems and continued research.
Biodiesel
An alternative to conventional diesel fuel that can be used in unmodified diesel engines. It is typically produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification
Biodiversity
For farming and agriculture it incorporates agroforestry, cover cropping, crop rotation, habitat creation, permaculture and organic farming, precision agriculture, integrated pest management amongst others.
Biodiversity net gain
A principle that aims to ensure that agricultural practices result in an overall increase in biodiversity. Applications include habitat creation, sustainable crop rotation, integrated pest management, livestock integration and precision agriculture. Practices include use of diverse crops, encouraging natural enemies, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilisers, managing grazing impact and ecosystem conservation.
Bioenergy
Bioenergy encompasses a broad range of renewable energy sources derived from organic matter, including plant and animal byproducts, agricultural residues, and dedicated energy crops. These can be solid biomass such as wood pellets, liquid biofuels or gaseous bioenergy.
Biogas
Biogas is a renewable energy source produced from the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, such as agricultural waste, food scraps, and other organic byproducts. It is a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with a smaller amount of other gases. Biogas can be used to generate electricity, heat, or transportation fuels and is a key component of a renewable energy strategy.
Biomass
Organic matter derived from living or recently living organisms, including plants, trees, crops, agricultural residues, animal waste, and forestry byproducts. It serves as a renewable resource for energy production, bioplastics, and other applications.
Biomethane
A renewable, methane-rich gas produced from organic waste materials, such as agricultural residues, food scraps, and animal manure. Practices include sustainable feed selection, efficient digestion technologies and closed loop systems.
Carbon audit
A process for measuring, tracking, and reporting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural operations. Characteristics include emissions quantification and baselining along with identification to reduce carbon usage.
Carbon auditing
Carbon auditing in agriculture encompasses a systematic process of identifying, quantifying, and evaluating GHG emissions and carbon sequestration on an agricultural landholding. GHG emissions such as livestock manure, enteric fermentation, nitrogen fertiliser application, and machinery fuel use. Simultaneously, it assesses the farm’s capacity for carbon sequestration, which involves the storage of carbon in soil organic matter, biomass, and permanent land features like trees and grasslands. Core elements include emissions inventory, sequestration estimation, carbon footprint calculation as part of the mitigation.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a process that involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from various sources, such as power plants, industrial facilities, and agricultural emissions and manure management and storing it securely underground. This technology has the potential to play a significant role in mitigating climate change by removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Technological advancements, government incentives, and increasing public awareness are driving the development and adoption of CCS in the sustainable agricultural sector.
Carbon capture farming
A set of agricultural practices that actively capture and store atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the soil, biomass, and other agricultural products. Characteristics include active carbon removal, soil carbon sequestration, sustainable land management and resilient agricultural systems.
Carbon cycle farming
An approach to agriculture that integrates principles of carbon sequestration, soil health, and biodiversity to enhance the long-term sustainability of farming practices. Key characteristics include carbon sequestration, soil health optimisation, biodiversity enhancement, circular economy principles underpinned by economic viability. Practices include long term soil management, sustainable land usage, closed loop nutrient management and biochar production.
Carbon cycling
In the context of agriculture, carbon cycling is particularly important for understanding the potential of soil to sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby mitigating climate change. Regenerative agricultural practices, such as cover cropping, no-till farming, and livestock management, can help to increase soil organic matter and sequester carbon.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
a naturally occurring gas in the atmosphere, Co2 plays a crucial role in the Earth’s carbon cycle, facilitating plant growth and photosynthesis. Sustainable agricultural practices include precision agriculture, conservation agriculture, integrated pest management (IPM), sustainable livestock management and agroforestry.
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)
CO2e is a standardised unit used to express the global warming potential of different greenhouse gases. It represents the amount of carbon dioxide that would have the same global warming effect over a specific period. This allows for comparison of the emissions of different greenhouse gases, even though they have different lifetimes and warming potentials.
Carbon farming
A set of agricultural practices that deliberately aim to enhance soil health and carbon sequestration. Practices include long-term soil management, integrated pest and disease management and regenerative agriculture.
Carbon footprint
For agriculture, the carbon footprint includes emissions from soil management, livestock production, crop production, and transportation. Sources include soil management, livestock and crop production along with transportation.
Carbon sequestration
The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in plants, soils, and organic materials. Applications include cover cropping, no till farming, agroforestry and precision agriculture.
Carrying capacity
Sustainable carrying capacity, both livestock carrying capacity and crop carrying capacity, are the maximum populations of a particular species that a given environment can sustain indefinitely without compromising the overall health of the ecosystem. It is a crucial land management practice in sustainable agriculture, as it helps farmers to manage their livestock and ensure that they do not cause degradation of the land.
Catch crops
Also known as cover crops and green manures, they are fast-growing, non-harvested plant species that are intentionally planted in fields during off-seasons or between crop rotations. Legumes like clover, alfalfa, and peas fix nitrogen deficits, reduces reliance on synthetic fertilisers and contribute to circular nutrient management.
Central Association of Agricultural Valuers (CAAV)
The Central Association of Agricultural Valuers (CAAV) is a specialist professional body representing, qualifying and briefing agricultural and rural valuers who provide professional advice and valuation expertise on issues affecting the countryside. These can cover many topics, such as tenancy matters, sales and purchase of farms and land, taxation, compulsory purchase of land and property, auctioneering, conservation issues and farming business advice.
Circular economy
An economic model that aims to minimize the use of resources and waste generation, emphasizing the continuous use of materials within a closed-loop system. It contrasts with the linear economy, which involves extracting resources, producing goods, consuming them, and disposing of waste.
Circular nutrient management
Mimics natural nutrient cycles to minimise nutrient losses. Key principles include source reduction and precision application, retention, recovery and recycling along with biodiversity enhancement.
Circular systems
Regenerative and restorative approaches to agriculture that aim to minimise waste, maximise resource utilisation, and enhance the overall health of agricultural ecosystems. Applications include closed loop nutrient management, integrated crop and livestock systems, cover dropping, precision agriculture and no till procedures.
Clean Growth for Sustainable Intensification (CGSI)
Clean Growth for Sustainable Intensification (CGSI) is a UK Government initiative that aims to accelerate the transition to a more sustainable and productive agricultural system. It focuses on developing and implementing innovative technologies and practices that can help reduce the environmental impact of agriculture while increasing productivity. CGSI focuses on five key areas: precision agriculture, sustainable livestock farming, regenerative agriculture, bioenergy crops and circular agriculture.
Committee on climate change (CCC)
The Committee on Climate Change (CCC) is an independent body with a statutory duty to advise the UK government on climate change matters. It was established in 2008 to provide authoritative advice on the UK’s progress towards meeting its climate change targets and to recommend further action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Companion cropping
Also known as intercropping or polyculture, is a sustainable agricultural practice that involves planting two or more crops together in the same field. This technique is based on the concept of plant synergy, where different species complement each other’s growth and development, enhancing overall productivity and resilience. Types of companion cropping include nitrogen fixing, weed suppressing and insect attraction/repellant.
Compost
Composting offers a sustainable solution for managing organic waste in large-scale agriculture. this can includes practices such as centralised and mechanised composting, on farm composting systems, integration with livestock operations and local partnerships.
Compressed natural gas (CNG)
A cleaner-burning alternative to traditional petrol and diesel whose combustion produces significantly fewer greenhouse gas GHG emissions. Methane, the primary component of CNG, has a global warming potential (GWP) of 28, while gasoline has a GWP of 117 and diesel has a GWP of 278. With a higher density, CNG has lower overall costs.
Compression ignition CI
Is the combustion process employed in diesel engines. Unlike spark ignition engines, CI engines generate heat and pressure within the combustion chamber, causing the fuel to self-ignite.
Conservation farming
A range of agricultural practices that aim to improve soil health, conserve resources, and enhance environmental sustainability. It emphasises minimising soil disturbance, promoting soil cover, and diversifying crop rotation. Practices include long term soil management, crop system diversification, organic matter and water management.
Conservation tillage (CT)
Conservation tillage (CT) is a multifaceted soil management strategy that reduces the amount of soil disturbance. It encompasses techniques, including no-till, reduced tillage, strip-till, non-inversion tillage and mulch till. It reduces soil erosion, improves soil structure and nutrient cycling while conserving water resources all leading to better environmental sustainability.
Contour farming
ontour farming is a strategic land management technique that involves planting crops perpendicular to the slope of the land, creating a series of ridges and furrows that follow the contours of the terrain. This practice of soil erosion control effectively reduces water erosion by intercepting runoff and promoting infiltration into the soil. It is an effective part of sustainable agriculture.
Controlled traffic farming
Controlled traffic farming (CTF) is a soil management and sustainable agricultural practice that involves defining permanent traffic lanes across a field and using dedicated machinery to restrict traffic to these lanes. This minimises soil compaction, promotes water infiltration, and enhances soil health.
Countryside Online
Countryside Online is a leading digital platform and membership organization dedicated to supporting British agriculture and rural life. It provides a comprehensive range of resources, tools, and services for farmers, landowners, rural businesses, and those with an interest in the countryside.
Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CS)
The Countryside Stewardship (CS) incentive is a Government program that rewards farmers and land managers for adopting sustainable farming practices. The CS promotes biodiversity conservation, enhances landscape character, conserves natural resources, supports soil health and land management practices, while also contributing to the UK’s climate change mitigation and adaptation goals.
Cover crops
Also known as catch crops or green manures, they are fast-growing, non-harvested plant species that are intentionally planted in fields during off-seasons or between crop rotations. Legumes like clover, alfalfa, and peas fix nitrogen deficits, reduces reliance on synthetic fertilisers and contribute to circular nutrient management.
Crop residue incorporation
Crop residue incorporation is a sustainable soil surface management practice that involves mixing or blending crop residues into the soil after harvest. It improves soil structure and reduces soil erosion while maintaining nutrient cycling and water conservation.
Crop technology
a broad range of applications that aim to improve crop yields and quality. Key elements include genetic engineering, selective breeding, biotechnology along with precision and digital agriculture.
DEFRA - the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
The Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) oversees a wide range of policy and initiatives that shape the country’s food production, environmental stewardship, and rural communities. From promoting sustainable farming practices, innovation, regulation and enforcement, farmer support, international engagement to safeguarding public health and ensuring food safety and food security, DEFRA plays a key role in ensuring the continued success of the UK’s agricultural sector.
Digital agriculture
Encompasses the use of technology to collect, analyse, and utilise data to improve agricultural practices. Technologies include sensors, drones and use of data analytics. This is not to be confused with the more narrow term robotic farming that focuses on automation of agricultural machinery.
Diverse swards
Diverse swards, also known as multi-species swards or polycultures, are grasslands or pastures that encompass multiple plant species, including grasses, legumes, and forbs. Part of a multi-species pasture management approach, key elements provide forage options, nutrient cycling, soil health improvement and reduced pest and disease pressure, promoting soil health, drought resistance, water infiltration and overall ecosystem resilience.
Dual fuel
Dual-fuel technology, also known as bi-fuel technology, enables a hybrid power source where either petrol or diesel is complemented by a secondary source such as hydrogen or LNG (liquid natural gas). New machines or conversion kits are generally more expensive with a long term ROI on lower fuelling and running costs.
Endemic diseases
Endemic diseases are consistently present and pose a persistent challenge that can affect livestock and poultry, leading to reduced productivity, increased mortality, and economic loss. Characterised by causative pathogens and zoonotic pathogens, they
can pose risks to human health, particularly for those involved in close contact with animals.
Energy crops
Selected for their high energy content per unit area, energy crops are specially cultivated plants that are grown for conversion into biofuels, biogas, or heat as a renewable energy source. These herbaceous, woody or waste derived crops offer a sustainable energy source, biodiversity enhancement and soil improvement.
Enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEF)
Enhanced efficiency fertilisers (EEFs) aim to optimise targeted nutrient delivery and uptake by crops while minimising environmental impacts as part of a precision agriculture and smart farming strategy. These include targeted release, slow release and controlled release fertilisers that are formulated to enhance nutrient availability, reduce nutrient losses, and promote good soil health management.
Enteric fermentation
Enteric fermentation is a natural microbial process that occurs in the digestive tracts of ruminant animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats. During enteric fermentation, microorganisms break down the complex carbohydrates in plant material, producing methane, carbon dioxide, and other gases. It is a primary source of methane emissions from ruminants. Enteric fermentation occurs in four main steps: Chewing, rumination, digestion and absorption.
Environmental stress index (ESI)
The environmental stress index (ESI) is a quantitative measure that assesses the combined effect of various environmental factors on crop growth and crop health. A crop stress index, it provides a comprehensive assessment of how climatic conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, influence crop stress levels and is an integral crop management resource.
Erosion management
Erosion management, like soil erosion control, is the practice of reducing soil loss due to wind and water erosion, ensuring the long-term productivity and sustainability of agricultural lands. This crucial practice is essential for maintaining soil health, protecting water quality, and enhancing environmental resilience and building sustainable agriculture practices.
Ethanol
A biofuel produced from the fermentation of sugars or starches derived from various sources, including corn, sugarcane, sugar beets and other crops.
Farm of the future
Farming practices include precision agriculture, digital transformation that will integrate intelligence systems with human-machine collaboration, sustainable practices with resilience combined with continuous improvement.
Farming automation
Farming automation encompasses the application of technologies to reduce manual labor and enhance efficiency across various agricultural operations. This includes robotics, irrigation, precision farming, machine vision and livestock automation.
Farming genetics
Farming genetics, also known as agricultural biotechnology, is the application of genetic engineering and genomics to improve crop varieties, livestock breeds, and agricultural practices. Areas include disease resistance, nutrient enhancement, stress tolerance and resilience to genetic drift.
Farming Rules for Water (FrFW)
Farming Rules for Water (FrFW) are a set of rules that set out the requirements for farmers in England to manage their land in a way that protects water quality and quantity. They were introduced in 2018 and are designed to help farmers comply with the Water Framework Directive and reduce the risks and impacts of nitrate pollution and pesticide pollution. FrFW cover a wide range of agricultural practices, including: Manure management, winter cropping, precision irrigation and soil management.
Farming technology
Also known as agritech, it encompasses a range of cutting-edge technologies that revolutionise agricultural practices. They are designed to enhance crop yields, optimise livestock management, and promote sustainable farming strategies. They are categorised into precision agriculture, farming automation, biotechnology and digital platforms.
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)
Also known as biodiesel, FAMEs are renewable transportation fuels produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oil through a process called transesterification.
Feed-In Tariff (FIT)
A Feed-in Tariff (FIT) is a government-backed scheme that provides financial incentives to individuals and businesses to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as solar energy, wind energy and biomass energy. Under a FIT, electricity generators are paid a fixed tariff for the electricity they export to the grid, regardless of the market price. This tariff is designed to cover the costs of installing and maintaining renewable energy systems, as well as to provide a return on investment as part of an overall climate mitigation strategy.
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO)
The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Established in 1945, FAO works in over 130 countries to improve nutrition, increase agricultural productivity, conserve natural resources, and ensure sustainable development of the world’s food and agriculture systems.
Food sovereignty and security
Food sovereignty, or food security, is a concept that emphasises the right of people to define their own food and agricultural systems. It encompasses the ability of communities to control their food production, distribution, consumption, and access to resources. Food sovereignty challenges the current global food system. Key principles are: Community control, food democracy, social justice, sustainable agriculture and cultural food heritage.
Food, Farming and Countryside Commission (FFCC)
FFCC’s aim is to help shape a new vision and mandate for a just transition to sustainable food and farming systems.
Fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
A fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is a type of electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell to convert hydrogen into electricity to power the vehicle. FCEVs are considered a zero-emission vehicle, as they only produce water vapor as a byproduct.
Fuel Cell Range Extended Electric Vehicle (VC REEV)
A Fuel Cell Range Extended Electric Vehicle (VC REEV) is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that utilizes a hydrogen fuel cell to generate electricity for propulsion. The fuel cell serves as a range extender, providing an additional source of power when the vehicle’s battery capacity is depleted. This hybrid design combines the advantages of both electric and fuel cell vehicles, offering extended range, zero-emission driving, and fast refueling capabilities.
Future of Rural Energy England (FREE)
The Future of Rural Energy England (FREE) program is a government-funded initiative that aims to support the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies in rural areas of England. The program is focused on increasing the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and biomass, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve energy security. Since its inception in 2011, the program has supported over 2,000 renewable energy projects, generating over 100 MW of electricity.
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
Global Navigation Satellite Systems or GNSS, enables precision farming practices that enhance productivity, optimise resource use, and promote sustainable practices. Key elements include precision agriculture, intelligent irrigation, field mapping and management, automated machinery control, crop modelling and yield prediction.
Global warming potential (GWP)
Global warming potential (GWP) is a metric used to compare the relative climate impact of different greenhouse gases by measuring how much heat they trap in the Earth’s atmosphere over a given period of time. GWP values are expressed relative to carbon dioxide (CO₂), which is assigned a GWP of 1. GWP is calculated by multiplying the instantaneous radiative forcing of a gas by its atmospheric lifetime. Radiative forcing is a measure of how much a gas absorbs and re-emits energy from the sun, contributing to global warming.
Grass less
Grass leys, also known as temporary grassland or ley pastures, are fields of grass that are sown and managed for a specific period of time, typically one to five years. They are not permanent pastures that are grazed or mowed indefinitely. Grass leys are an important part of sustainable grassland management. Types of ley pastures include cutting leys, grazing leys and mixed purpose leys.
Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS)
The Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS) is a government-funded scheme that aims to support the production of biomethane and other renewable gases from organic waste streams. The scheme provides financial incentives to bio-methane producers in the form of tariffs, which are fixed payments per unit of bio-methane produced. GGSS supports the production of biomethane from a variety of organic waste streams, including: Agricultural digestate, food waste, industrial waste water and municipal solid waste.
Green manures
Also known as cover or catch crops and green manures, they are fast-growing, non-harvested plant species that are intentionally planted in fields during off-seasons or between crop rotations. Legumes like clover, alfalfa, and peas fix nitrogen deficits, reduces reliance on synthetic fertilisers and contribute to circular nutrient management.
Greenhouse gas (GHG)
GHGs are naturally occurring and primarily consist of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases (F-Gases). These gases play a crucial role in regulating the Earth’s temperature by absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation.
Ground limestone CaCO3
Ground limestone, also known as agricultural limestone or calcitic limestone, is a natural mineral composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is commonly used in agriculture as a soil amendment to improve soil structure, increase pH, and reduce soil acidity.
Groundswell Regenerative Agriculture Show
Groundswell is a leading regenerative agriculture event that brings together farmers, growers, and experts from around the world to explore innovative practices and technologies for sustainable agriculture and food production. The show showcases the latest developments in regenerative agriculture, including cover cropping, livestock management, soil health, and carbon sequestration. Regenerative agriculture is gaining momentum as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to food production. Groundswell is playing a leading role in promoting regenerative agriculture practices.
Hands-free hectare farm
A hands-free hectare farm is a concept for a highly automated and data-driven agricultural system that aims to maximize crop yield and minimise human labour. This approach utilises a combination of precision agriculture technologies, including autonomous machinery, sensors, and data analytics, to optimise crop growth and management. The goal is to achieve high-quality yields while reducing labour requirements and environmental impact.
Horticultural Trades Association (HTA)
The Horticultural Trades Association (HTA) is the leading trade association for the UK garden industry, representing over 2,000 garden retailers, landscape contractors, nurseries, and suppliers. It is a non-profit organisation that works to promote and support the industry, ensuring that it is sustainable, profitable, and environmentally responsible.
Hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2)
Hydrated lime, also known as slaked lime or quicklime, is a white, powdery substance that is formed by the reaction of quicklime (CaO) with water. It is a common agricultural liming material used to improve soil pH and calcium content. It’s agricultural applications are soil pH adjustment, calcium supplementation, microorganism enhancement, soil aeration and pest and disease management.
Hydro electric power
Hydroelectricity, also known as hydropower, is a clean and cost-effective renewable energy source that harnesses the power of moving water. Applications include powering, drying, processing and lighting/heating.
Hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE)
A hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) is a type of internal combustion engine (ICE) that uses hydrogen as its fuel. H2ICEs are similar to conventional petrol powered ICEs in that they use the same basic combustion process to generate power. However, instead of burning gasoline, H2ICEs burn hydrogen gas, which produces only water vapor as a byproduct. This makes H2ICEs a promising technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.
Hydrogen refuelling station (HRS)
A hydrogen refuelling station (HRS) is a facility that provides hydrogen for refueling fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). FCEVs are vehicles that use hydrogen as fuel to power an electric motor. Hydrogen is a clean, renewable energy source that has the potential to play a major role in the transition to a sustainable transportation system.
Hydroponics
A soilless cultivation technique that utilises nutrient-rich water solutions. It is a highly controlled and efficient method of crop production that can improve yield, reduce water consumption, and minimise the risk of pests and diseases.
hydrotreated renewable diesel
HRD, also known as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), is a second-generation biofuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oil through a process called hydrotreating.
Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)
HVO, also known as hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD), is a second-generation biofuel produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oil. HVO undergoes a process called hydrotreating, which involves catalytically adding hydrogen to the vegetable oil molecules.
Innovation for agriculture
Innovation for Agriculture is an independent charity working
to support farmer innovation and practice change in UK farming. They collaborate with leading researchers and major food and farming companies to connect farmers with the latest developments in science, technology and policy, supporting the transition to more sustainable farming.
Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture (TIAH)
The Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture (TIAH) is agriculture and horticulture’s professional body. They support a profitable and sustainable industry by transforming the approach to training and skills development.
Integrated pest management IPM
An approach to pest control that considers biological, cultural, physical, and chemical control methods in a coordinated manner that aims to minimise the use of pesticides and other harmful substances.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. It was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 to provide governments with a clear understanding of the science related to climate change and its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation.
Internal combustion engines (ICE)
Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are the most common type of engine used in agricultural machinery, from tractors and combine harvesters to irrigation pumps and grain dryers. ICEs convert chemical energy stored in fossil fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, or natural gas, into mechanical energy. As the demand for sustainable agriculture grows, ICEs are likely to be replaced by alternative technologies, such as electric vehicles and hybrid systems
International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA)
The International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting and advancing the science and practice of precision agriculture (PA) worldwide as a sustainable agriculture practice. It was founded in 1994 to provide a platform for scientists, researchers, educators, and practitioners to exchange knowledge, collaborate on research projects, and promote the adoption of precision farming technologies.
Kilowatt hour (kWh)
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy equal to the work done by one kilowatt of power for one hour. It is a commonly used unit of measurement for electrical energy, representing the amount of energy consumed by an electrical appliance or system over a specific period.
Kilowatts (electric) KWe
Kilowatts (electric) or KWe is a unit of electrical power that measures the rate at which electrical energy is consumed or generated. One kilowatt is equal to 1,000 watts. KWe is commonly used to measure the power output of electric motors and the capacity of electric generators.
Linking Environment and Farming (LEAF)
Linking Environment and Farming (LEAF) is a leading sustainable agriculture initiative that promotes the integration of environmental and social considerations into farming practices. Established in 1983, LEAF has been recognised for its work in promoting sustainable farming practices, including soil health, water management, biodiversity, carbon neutrality, and animal welfare.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
LNG is a cleaner-burning alternative to traditional petrol and diesel with combustion carrying a global warming potential (GWP) of 28, while gasoline has a GWP of 117 and diesel has a GWP of 278.
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
LPG is a clean-burning hydrocarbon fuel formed from propane and butane and combustion has a global warming potential (GWP) of 31, while gasoline has a GWP of 117 and diesel has a GWP of 278.
Machine vision
Computer vision systems that detect pests, diseases, and weeds in crops, enabling targeted treatment without harming healthy plants. This precision reduces reliance on broad-spectrum pesticides and herbicides.
Manure management
Sustainable manure management, or slurry management, involves the collection, storage, treatment, and utilisation of animal manure to contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system. It incorporates collection and storage, treatment and stabilisation, soil amendment and nutrient cycling and is part of an approach to environmentally friendly farming.
Methane (CH4)
Or CH4, is primarily produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is a potent greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential over 20 times that of carbon dioxide.
Minimum tillage
Minimum tillage is a sustainable agricultural and soil management practice that minimises soil disturbance, reducing the need for herbicides, pesticides, and soil erosion. It involves shallow cultivation or no cultivation at all, allowing for the preservation of soil structure, organic matter, and water infiltration. This approach contributes to improved soil health, reduced environmental impact, and increased crop yields.
Mob grazing
Also known as adaptive multi-paddock grazing is part of pasture management strategy that involves grazing animals in small, concentrated groups, or “mobs,” across a large area. A precision grazing strategy, the principles to promote pasture health and productivity include; Short grazing periods with herds moved frequently, higher stocking rates, long rest periods between grazing times, rotational grazing between multiple paddocks and using different species to optimise forage utilisation.
Monogastric livestock
Monogastric livestock, including pigs, poultry, and horses possess a simpler digestive system compared to ruminants, with a single-chambered stomach and a shorter gut length. There is a lower feed demand for monogastrics and efficient feed conversion.
National Farmers Union (NFU)
The National Farmers Union (NFU) is the UK’s leading organization representing farmers and growers. It was established in 1908 to provide a collective voice for the agricultural industry, advocating for the interests of farmers and promoting the economic, environmental, and social benefits of agriculture.
National Federation of Young Farmers (NFYFC)
The National Federation of Young Farmers’ Clubs (NFYFC) is a youth organization based in the United Kingdom that serves as a network for young people interested in agriculture and rural life. It provides a range of opportunities for young people to develop their skills, knowledge, agriculture education, and agriculture leadership abilities, while also promoting their involvement in the agricultural industry.
National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB)
The National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB) is a leading agricultural research organisation that provides science-based solutions to improve the productivity, sustainability, and resilience of British agriculture. It was established in 1919 to address the challenges of food security and nutrition after the First World War. It looks at areas of plant breeding, genetics, soil science, agronomy and sustainable agriculture.
Natural capital
Natural capital refers to the planet’s stock of natural assets, including land, water, air, forests, minerals, and biodiversity, which provide a wide range of goods and services that underpin human well-being and economic activity. These natural assets are essential for agriculture, providing food, water, and fiber, as well as supporting soil health, pollination, and nutrient cycling.
Natural resource management
Nature based solutions
In agriculture, they can be used to improve soil health, conserve water, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance biodiversity. Practices include ingrain with conventional practice, a holistic approach, local context and ongoing research.
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless, odorless gas that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and immune response. In agriculture, NO has emerged as a versatile molecule with potential applications in enhancing crop growth, improving nutrient uptake, and controlling pests and diseases. Plant growth promotion with NO is a key benefit.
Nitrogen (N) fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a crucial biological process that converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into a form usable by plants, a process essential for plant growth and food production. This process is carried out by certain microorganisms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria, which have the unique ability to break down the strong nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond. As part of a sustainable agriculture strategy, it can enhance plant growth and crop productivity
Nitrous oxide (N2)
Nitrous oxide (N₂O), also known as laughing gas, is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) with a global warming potential (GWP) of 310 times that of carbon dioxide (CO₂) over a 100-year period. It is a byproduct of various agricultural activities, including manure management, fertiliser usage, and soil cultivation, and plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector.
No tillage
Also known as no-tillage or direct seeding, is an agricultural practice that involves planting seeds directly into the soil without disturbing the previous crop residue. It can be incorporated into convention and cover cropping, precision agriculture, integrated pest management and agroforestry.
Non-inversion tillage
Non-inversion tillage (NIT) is a soil management practice that minimises or eliminates tillage operations, preserving soil structure and enhancing soil health. This sustainable agriculture practice promotes water infiltration, root development, aeration, reduced erosion, nutrient cycling and biological activity stimulation.
Novel proteins
Novel proteins, including insect proteins, algae proteins, plant based proteins, cell-based proteins, and cultured meat, are emerging sources of alternative protein that have the potential to revolutionise food production. Requiring less land, water and energy to produce these proteins are derived from non-traditional sources.
Nutrient cycling
The process in which nutrients move through the environment, from the atmosphere to soil, plants, animals, and back to the atmosphere. Key components include atmospheric nitrogen fixation, plant uptake, animal excretion and decomposition, mineralisation and soil nutrient storage.
On farm heating and cooling
Efficient climate control plays a crucial role in optimizing agricultural operations, ensuring optimal temperature and humidity conditions for crop growth, livestock comfort, and overall farm productivity. On-farm heating and cooling systems provide the necessary means to regulate temperature extremes, maintain consistent indoor environments, and support year-round production. it’s an important part of climate control for farms and requires approaches and strategies for sustainable agriculture.
Organic farming
A broad approach that focuses on key principles including soil health, biodiversity, natural pest and disease control, exclusion of synthetic fertilisers and genetically modified organisms, resource efficiency, animal welfare, traceability, provenance & transparency centred on local and sustainable production.
Organic fertilisers
Organic fertilisers are nutrient-rich substances derived from plant or animal sources that enrich soil fertility without relying on synthetic chemicals. They are chemical free and natural fertilisers that promote sustainable agriculture by enhancing soil health, improving crop yields, and reducing environmental impact.
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in agriculture are a group of gases that includes nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), play a complex role in agriculture. While NO has the potential to enhance crop growth and suppress pests and diseases, NO₂ can be detrimental to plant health and contribute to air pollution. Understanding the balance of benefits and impacts of NOx is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices. NOx plays a double-edged role in agriculture, offering potential benefits for crop growth and pest suppression while also posing risks to plant health and air quality.
Particulate matter (PM)
Particulate matter (PM) in agriculture is a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, poses significant threats to crop health and environmental quality. PM can directly damage plant tissues, interfere with photosynthesis, and contribute to the formation of harmful secondary pollutants. Understanding the sources and impacts of PM in agricultural settings is crucial for developing mitigation strategies and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Permaculture
An approach to land management and design that seeks to create sustainable and harmonious human nature relationships. Key characteristics include ecological design, resource conservation, species diversity, circular systems and human nature symbiosis.
Precision farming and agriculture
Precision agriculture, leveraging GPS, sensors, and data analytics, enables farmers to tailor their practices to specific crop and soil conditions, maximizing productivity and minimizing resource inputs.
Precision grazing
Precision grazing is a pasture management strategy that employs advanced technologies to reduce pasture degradation, enhance soil health, and promote plant diversity and sustainable livestock production. It involves dividing pastures into smaller paddocks, and using sustainable grazing methods such as mob grazing, rotational grazing, all of which promotes ecosystem resilience.
and closely monitoring grazing patterns and pasture conditions to make informed management decisions.
Quicklime (CaO)
Quicklime, also known as burnt lime or calcium oxide, is a white, caustic, alkaline chemical compound with the formula CaO. It is produced by heating limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) to a high temperature (825°C) in a kiln, where it decomposes into quicklime and carbon dioxide (CO2). It’s used for Soil pH adjustment:, lime stabilisation, waste water management and animal feed additives.
Readily available nitrogen (RAN)
Readily available nitrogen (RAN) is the nitrogen in a fertilizer that is immediately available for plant uptake. It is typically measured as a percentage of the total nitrogen content of the fertilizer. RAN and nitrogen uptake is important for plant growth because it is the form of nitrogen that plants can use most quickly. RAN is determined by the following: Type of fertiliser, application rate, soil type and weather.
Regenerative agriculture
An approach that focuses on improving soil health, enhancing biodiversity, and enhancing ecosystem services, while simultaneously producing food. Key characteristics are soil health, biodiversity enhancement, ecosystem service such as pollination and carbon sequestration. Applications are no till, cover cropping crop rotation, integrated pest management and permaculture design.
Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)
The Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) was a government-run scheme that provided financial support to individuals and businesses that installed renewable heating technologies in their homes or businesses. The RHI was discontinued for new installations in March 2022, but existing RHI installations will continue to receive payments until their relevant tariff period ends.
Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROC’s)
Renewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs) are tradable certificates issued by the government to electricity generators who produce electricity from renewable energy as part of their Renewable Obligation (RO). The number of ROCs issued is based on the amount of renewable electricity generated, and they can be sold to energy suppliers who are required to meet renewable energy targets as part of a low carbon economy drive. [url target=”_blank” link=”https://example.com”]Click here to link to a website[/url]
Renewable transport fuel 0bligation (RTFO)
The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) is a regulatory mechanism introduced in the UK to encourage the production and consumption of renewable transport fuels, such as biodiesel and bioethanol. The RTFO mandates that fuel suppliers blend a minimum proportion of renewable fuels into their overall fuel sales. This policy aims to reduce the carbon footprint of the transportation sector and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Resilient farming
Agricultural practices that emphasise adaptability, resource efficiency, and ecological balance. Its approach is designed to deal with issues such climate change, extreme weather events, market fluctuations, and resource scarcity.
Responsible animal management
Responsible animal management is an approach to livestock production that prioritises the well-being and welfare of animals while ensuring efficient production and environmental sustainability. It encompasses a range of sustainable practices that address the physical, social, and behavioural needs of animals throughout their lifecycle. Key elements include nutrition and feed management, environmental enrichment, meeting behavioural needs, health and disease prevention, antibiotics reduction and animal handling and transport practices.
Responsible dairy farming
Encompasses a range of activities, including animal husbandry, pasture management, feed production, milking procedures and processing. Practices for sustainable dairy farming include animal welfare and precision feeding, regenerative grazing, manure management and waste reduction, energy efficiency and water reduction.
Riparian buffer
Riparian buffers are vegetated strips of land that are strategically placed along waterways to protect water quality, enhance soil health, and support biodiversity as part of a soil erosion control strategy. These buffers play a vital role in sustainable agriculture by mitigating the impact of agricultural activities on surrounding water systems. They intercept runoff pollution, mitigate soil erosion and sediment transport, maintain water quality through watershed protection and restore natural habitat.
Robotic farming
Employs autonomous machines equipped with sensors, actuators and advanced software to automate repetitive and labour intensive tasks that also require precision.
Royal Agricultural Society of England (RASE)
The Royal Agricultural Society of England (RASE) is a leading agricultural organization with a rich history dating back to 1838. It is dedicated to promoting and advancing the science and practice of agriculture, ensuring that the UK’s agricultural industry remains sustainable and competitive.
Ruminant livestock
Ruminant livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats, deer and llamas possess a unique digestive system that enables them to convert fibrous feeds and non-digestible plant matter into valuable nutrients and energy. Renewable energy from ruminant manure, through the process of anaerobic digestion, is an important source of low carbon biofuel.
Rural Development Programme of England (RDPE)
The Rural Development Programme of England (RDPE) is a government-funded program that provides financial support to farmers, communities, and businesses in rural England. It aims to promote sustainable development in rural areas, environmental enhancement, and support innovation and competitiveness in the agricultural sector.
Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions
Scope 1: Direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from owned or controlled sources.
Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions from purchased electricity, steam, heat, or cooling.
Scope 3: All indirect GHG emissions that occur in a company’s value chain.
Scope 3.1: Upstream emissions from the production chain of goods or services
Scope 3.2: Downstream emissions when a company’s goods or services are used
Scope 3.3: Investment emissions from investments in other companies or projects
Silvopasture
Silvopasture, a centuries-old agroforestry practice, strategically integrates trees, forage, and grazing livestock to foster a synergistic ecosystem. This sustainable approach enhances soil health, optimises water retention, and promotes biodiversity, while simultaneously producing a variety of valuable outputs, including timber, livestock products, and fruits. Silvopasture contributes to the creation of a more resilient and productive landscape, offering a compelling solution for agricultural sustainability.
Slurry acidification
The process of lowering the pH of slurry, the agricultural wastewater containing animal manure, to enhance its stability, reduce ammonia emissions, odour reduction and improve nutrient utilisation. Methods include acid addition, enzymatic or bacterial acidification.
Smart farms
Technologically advanced farms that leverage data-driven decision-making and precision agriculture techniques to optimize resource utilisation, enhance productivity, and reduce environmental impact. They utilise interconnected sensors, software, and machinery to collect and analyse real-time data from various aspects of the farm, including soil, crops, livestock, and irrigation systems.
Soil erosion control
Soil erosion control is a key aspect of sustainable agriculture, aiming to minimise soil loss due to wind and water erosion. Key elements include cover cropping, reduced tillage, contour farming and terracing, weed management and establishing riparian buffer zones – all leading to increased crop productivity and sustainable agriculture practices.
Soil health
Soil health is the capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plant and animal life by providing food, fodder, fiber, fuel, and other essential ecosystem services. It encompasses the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil that influence its ability to support plant growth, regulate water and nutrient cycles, and provide habitat for beneficial organisms. It is governed by the following principles, balance, biodiversity, structure, nutrient cycling and resilience and is at the heart of sustainable agriculture.
Soil management
Soil management encompasses a range of practices that aim to improve and maintain soil health and resilience, enhance crop productivity, and conserve natural resources. It is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, ensuring that farmland remains productive and resilient for future production and food security. Key elements include soil fertility enhancement, soil structure enhancement, water management optimisation, pest and disease management along with nutrient cycling.
Soil organic carbon (SOC)
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a crucial component of soil health, playing a vital role in maintaining soil structure, fertility, and water retention. It is the decomposed remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that have been incorporated into the soil over time. SOC provides a number of benefits for crops and the environment. As the importance of soil health in sustainable agriculture grows, the focus on SOC management is expected to intensify. Innovative practices, such as biochar application and precision agriculture, aim to enhance SOC levels and maintain soil fertility.
Soil organic matter (SOM)
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the complex and dynamic mixture of plant and animal residues, humus, and microorganisms found in soil. It is a crucial component of healthy soil, playing a vital role in soil structure, water retention, nutrient cycling, and crop productivity. Research has consistently shown that increasing SOM levels leads to improved crop yields and overall soil health.
Soil surface management
Soil surface management encompasses a range of practices that aim to optimise the physical and biological conditions of the soil surface, enhancing crop production and promoting sustainable land management. These practices influence soil structure, soil compaction control, water infiltration, nutrient cycling, pest and disease dynamics and reduce soil erosion and runoff.
Solar photovoltaics (PV)
Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems provide a clean and renewable energy source for powering agricultural operations, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and promoting sustainable practices. Solar PV can be integrated into various farming applications, from irrigation pumps and greenhouse heating to farm buildings electrification and energy storage systems and a source of renewable energy in agriculture.
Solar power and energy
It offers several benefits for agricultural operations, including reduced energy costs, improved energy independence, and environmental sustainability. Applications include on-farm power and off-grid sustainability.
Strip tillage
Strip tillage is a conservation tillage practice that partially disturbs the soil in narrow bands, leaving the majority of the soil undisturbed. This practice preserves soil health and soil structure, enhances nutrient cycling, aids water preservation and promotes sustainable agriculture overall.
Sustain. The Alliance for Better Food and Farming
Sustain is a UK-based alliance of over 600 organisations working to transform the food system to one that is fairer, healthier, and ensures more sustainable food and farming and regenerative agriculture.
Sustainable farming
An approach to agriculture that seeks to balance the production of food with the preservation of natural resources, environmental health, and social well-being. It emphasises minimisation of negative environmental impacts, conserving resources, and enhancing biodiversity while ensuring long-term productivity and profitability.
Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI)
The Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI) is the Government program that aims to reward farmers for adopting sustainable farming practices that enhance environmental benefits and improve soil health. The SFI provides financial incentives to farmers who implement practices that promote biodiversity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, support carbon sequestration, improve water quality, and enhance soil health. This program aligns with the UK’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 and supporting sustainable agricultural practices.
Sustainable livestock management
Emphasising efficient feed management, waste reduction, and humane animal husbandry. Practices include pasture based and zero grazing systems along with silvopastoral application.
Tank to wheel efficiency (TtW)
Tank-to-wheel (TTW) efficiency is a key metric for evaluating the fuel efficiency of agricultural vehicles. It represents the percentage of the fuel energy that is actually utilized to propel the vehicle, excluding losses due to engine inefficiency, friction, and other inefficiencies. A higher TTW efficiency indicates that the vehicle is using fuel more effectively, reducing fuel consumption and associated costs.
The Institute of Agricultural Management (IAgrM)
The Institute of Agricultural Management (IAgrM) is a professional body for those engaged in agricultural, rural and environmental management.
The Rural Community Energy Fund (RCEF)
The Rural Community Energy Fund (RCEF) is a UK government-funded program that provides grants to rural communities to develop and implement renewable energy projects. The aim of the RCEF is to promote the deployment of renewable energy in rural areas, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and improve energy security. Since its inception in 2019, the RCEF has supported over 1,000 projects, with a total value of over £600 million. These projects have generated over 1,000 megawatts of renewable energy.
Tractor Vaporising Oil (TVO)
Tractor vaporising oil (TVO) is a type of fuel used in older tractor engines. It is a distillate of crude oil, similar to diesel fuel, but with a lower flash point. This means that it requires special handling and storage to prevent accidental ignition. TVO was widely used in tractors until the 1980s, when it was replaced by diesel fuel due to environmental regulations and improved fuel efficiency.
Transforming Food Production Challenge (TFP)
The Transforming Food Production Challenge is a UKRI-funded initiative that aims to develop innovative technologies and practices to transform the way food is produced. The challenge is driven by the need to address the challenges of climate change, population growth, and resource scarcity, while ensuring that food production is sustainable, resilient, and equitable. The Transforming Food Production Challenge has the potential to transform the way food is produced, ensuring that it is sustainable, resilient, and equitable in future.
Ultra low emission vehicle (ULEV)
An ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV) is a type of vehicle that produces significantly lower emissions than conventional vehicles. ULEVs typically emit less than 75g of CO2 per kilometer, which is around 50% lower than the average for new cars.
Vertical farming
A method that cultivates crops in vertically stacked layers in controlled environments, often indoors and relying on artificial lighting and climate control. A combination of hydroponic, aeroponic, or aquaponic techniques to grow without the need for soil.
Waste management
The collection, transportation, treatment, reuse, and/or disposal of waste generated from agricultural and livestock activities. Key characteristics include waste reduction, recycling, hazard treatment, energy recovery and composting.
Water management
Water management encompasses the practices and strategies employed to optimise water use and water conservation in agricultural systems, ensuring efficient water allocation, preventing water waste, and protecting water resources. It plays a pivotal role in sustainable agriculture. It includes surface water and groundwater protection, irrigation strategies, dredge and fill operations, pond management, drought management and watershed protection.
Water protection and stewardship
Strategies to safeguard water resources from contamination, depletion, and degradation resulting from agricultural activities. This includes water conservation, nutrient management, wastewater management, surface water protection and groundwater protection.
Well to tank efficiency (WT)
Well to tank (WT) efficiency assesses the energy losses incurred during the extraction, processing, and transportation of fuel feedstocks. It measures the percentage of the original energy content of the feedstock that remains in the final fuel product. High WT efficiency indicates that the fuel production process is more efficient and has a lower environmental impact.
Report authors
Becky Willson
A passionate advocate for highlighting the economic benefits of sustainable farming, Becky currently divides her time between working for FCT and working for Duchy College Rural Business School as a technical specialist in resource management
Matthew Stamp
Matthew is an analyst at Standard & Poor (S&P) where he focuses on supporting organisations with actionable insights across the agricultural value chain.
Cedric Porter
Managing Editor of World Potato Markets, an essential weekly global briefing on potato prices, production and trade. He has more than 25 years of analysing agricultural markets across the world. Cedric is the Vice Chairman of LEAF – Linking Environment And Farming – a charity which increases environmental standards on farms.
Professor James Lowenberg-DeBoer
Prof. Lowenberg-DeBoer focuses on the economics of agricultural technology. He has published 85 articles in refereed journals, two books and chapters in seven other books. He currently serves as president of the International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA) and co-editor of the journal Precision Agriculture.
Martin Lines
Martin is a farmer and contractor in South Cambridgeshire, growing mainly arable crops on his family farm and rented land. Martin is the NFFN Chief Executive Officer and hopes to see the network grow with like-minded farmers and land managers.
Professor Jonathan R Leake
Prof Jonathan Leake focuses on sustainable soil management and soil resources, regenerative agriculture. He teaches sustainable agriculture at the University of Sheffield.
Vicki Hird MSc FRES
Vicki Hird MSc is a researcher, campaigner and author of 'Rebugging the Planet' & 'Perfectly Safe to Eat?'
Frank Gordon
Frank Gordon profile in here
Professor Jennifer Dungait
Professor Jennifer Dungait is a member of Council as Editor in Chief of the European Journal of Soil Science (since 2019).
She is an Honorary Professor of Soil Science at the University of Exeter and Honorary Professor of Soil Biogeochemistry at Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh.
Dr Nigel Davies, BSc, PhD, FIFST, Dipl Brew
Dr Nigel Davies is Managing Director of Maltdoctor, a sustainability consultancy specialising in food and beverages. Nigel received his PhD from the University of Wales and a Diploma in Brewing with distinction from the Institute of Brewing & Distilling. He is an R&D representative for Maltsters Association of Great Britain, chair of the Red Tractor farm assurance scheme technical advisory committee, and a Fellow of the Institute of Brewing and Distilling.